Use of 2-substituted indazoles for the treatment and prophylaxis of autoimmune diseases

ABSTRACT

The present application relates to substituted indazoles, to the use thereof alone or in combinations for treatment and/or prophylaxis of autoimmune disorders, and to the use thereof for production of medicaments for treatment and/or prophylaxis of autoimmune disorders, especially for treatment and/or prophylaxis of arthritides (especially psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Bekhterev&#39;s disease, reactive arthritis, systematic juvenile idiopathic arthritis), systematic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, allergic eczema and chronic-inflammatory bowel disorders (especially Crohn&#39;s disease and ulcerative colitis).

The present application relates to the use of 2-substituted indazolesfor treatment and/or prophylaxis of diseases and to the use thereof forproduction of medicaments for treatment and/or prophylaxis of diseases,especially of autoimmune disorders mediated by IRAK4, such as peripheralarthritides (psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, reactivearthritis, systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis), axial arthritis (inparticular ankylosing spondylitis), systemic vasculitides such as giantcell arteritis and ANCA (anti-neutrophile cytoplasmicantibody)-associated vasculitides, gout and other crystal arthropathiesor metabolic arthritides (hydroxyapatite arthropathy, chondrocalcinosis(calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD), endocrine joint disorders suchas in cases of hyperactivity of the parathyroid glands(hyperparathyroidism), of the thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism) in thecase of diabetes mellitus), sarcoidosis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis,psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, allergic eczema/contact allergy, multiplesclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus and so called auto-inflammatorydisorders such as Schnitzler syndrome, CRMO (chronic recurrentmultifocal osteomyelitis), SAPHO (acronym for synovitis, acne,pustulosis, hyperostosis and osteitis) syndrome and PAPA (acronym forpyogenic arthritis, pyoderma gangraenosum and acne) syndrome, chronicinflammatory bowel disease, in particular Crohn's disease and ulcerativecolitis, and inflammation-induced or chronic pain.

The present invention relates to the use of substituted indazoles of thegeneral formula (I) which inhibit interleukin-1 receptor-associatedkinase 4 (IRAK4), for use in the treatment of autoimmune disorders ordysfunctions.

Human IRAK4 (interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4) plays a keyrole in the activation of the immune system. Therefore, this kinase isan important therapeutic target molecule for the development ofinflammation-inhibiting substances. IRAK4 is expressed by a multitude ofcells and mediates the signal transduction of Toll-like receptors (TLR),except for TLR3, and receptors of the interleukin (IL)-1β familyconsisting of the IL-1R (receptor), IL-18R, IL-33R and IL-36R (Janewayand Medzhitov, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 2002; Dinarello, Annu. Rev.Immunol., 2009; Flannery and Bowie, Biochemical Pharmacology, 2010).

Neither IRAK4 knockout mice nor human cells from patients lacking IRAK4react to stimulation by TLRs (except for TLR3) and the IL-1β family(Suzuki, Suzuki, et al., Nature, 2002; Davidson, Currie, et al., JImmunol, 2006; Ku, von Bernuth, et al., JEM, 2007; Kim, Staschke, etal., JEM, 2007).

The binding of the TLR ligands or the ligands of the IL-1β family to therespective receptor leads to recruitment and binding of MyD88 [Myeloiddifferentiation primary response gene (88)] to the receptor. As aresult, MyD88 interacts with IRAK4, resulting in the formation of anactive complex which interacts with and activates the kinases IRAK1 orIRAK2 (Kollewe, Mackensen, et al., J Biol Chem, 2004; Precious et al.,J. Biol. Chem., 2009). As a result of this, the NF (nuclear factor)-κBsignalling pathway and the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)signal pathway is activated (Wang, Deng, et al., Nature, 2001). Theactivation both of the NF-κB signal pathway and of the MAPK signalpathway leads to processes associated with different immune processes.For example, there is increased expression of various inflammatorysignal molecules and enzymes such as cytokines, chemokines and COX-2(cyclooxygenase-2), for example, and increased mRNA stability ofinflammation-associated genes, for example COX-2, IL-6 (interleukin-6),IL-8 (Holtmann, Enninga, et al., J Biol Chem, 2001; Datta, Novotny, etal., J Immunol, 2004). Furthermore, these processes may be associatedwith the proliferation and differentiation of particular cell types, forexample monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells and B cells(Wan, Chi, et al., Nat Immunol, 2006; McGettrick and J. O'Neill, Br JHaematol, 2007).

Autoimmune disorders are diseases where the immune system is directedagainst the body itself (“auto”), thus attacking healthy endogenoustissue. Here, the immune system may be directed either selectively onlyagainst a certain organ (e.g. the intestine in the case of ulcerativecolitis, the skin in the case of psoriasis or nerves in the case ofmultiple sclerosis), and they are then classified as a so-calledorgan-specific autoimmune disorder, or it is directed against the entiresystem, thus causing a non-organ-specific systemic autoimmune disorder.In the case of a non-organ-specific systemic autoimmune disorder, theimmune system attacks various organs of the body (for example in thecase of systemic lupus erythematosus with reactions against skin,joints, kidneys, etc.). This uncontrolled malfunction of the immunesystem subsequently leads to chronic inflammatory processes in the body.If an autoimmune disorder remains untreated, owing to the seriousinflammatory reactions, the effected organ is destroyed, which, incertain cases with a severe course (with systemic involvement), may leadto death. Accordingly, early diagnosis and therapy is of greatsignificance.

The kinase IRAK4 or signal transduction via IRAK4 plays a central rolein the underlying pathology of numerous autoimmune disorders (Chaudharyet al., J Med Chem, 2015). In particular, the central role of IRAK4 hasalready been demonstrated by direct comparison of wild type (WT) micewith genetically modified animals having a kinase-inactivated form ofIRAK4 (IRAK4 KDKI) in an animal model of multiple sclerosis where IRAK4KDKI animals had improved MS symptoms 9 Staschke et al., J Immunol,2009). It has also been shown that the expression of IRAK4 correlateswith the degree of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome (Sun, Yang, et al.,PLoS ONE, 2014). In addition, the high relevance of IRAK4 for immunecomplex-mediated IFNα (interferon-alpha) production by plasmacytoiddendritic cells, a key process in the pathogenesis of systemic lupuserythematosus (SLE), has been shown (Chiang et al., J Immunol, 2010). Aswell as the essential role of IRAK4 in congenital immunity, there arealso hints that IRAK4 influences the differentiation of what are calledthe Th7 T cells, components of adaptive immunity. In the absence ofIRAK4 kinase activity, fewer IL-17-producing T cells (Th17 T cells) aregenerated compared to WT mice. The inhibition of IRAK4 enables theprophylaxis and/or treatment of peripheral arthritides (such aspsoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, reactive arthritis, systemicjuvenile idiopathic arthritis), axial arthritis (in particularBekhterev's disease), sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus,psoriasis, vitiligo, giant cell arteriitis, atopic dermatitis, allergiceczema/contact allergy, multiple sclerosis and chronic inflammatorybowel diseases (in particular Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis)(Staschke, et al., J Immunol, 2009; Marquez, et al., Ann Rheum Dis,2014; Zambrano-Zaragoza, et al., International Journal of Inflammation,2014; Ciccia, et al., Rheumatology, 2015; Cinetto and Agostini, ExpertRev Clin Immunol, 2016; Lock et al., Nat Med, 2002; Esendagli et al., JNeuroimmunol, 2013; Brucklacher Waldert et al., Brain, 2009; Li et al.,J Neuroimmunol, 2011; Zambrano-Zargoza et al., Int J Inflamm, 2014;Geremia and Jewell, Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2012; Kobayashi etal., Gut, 2008; Sugihara et al., Clin Exp Immunol, 2010; Fujino et al.,Gut, 2003; Rovedatti et al., Gut 2009).

Owing to the central role of IRAK4 in the MyD88-mediated signal cascadeof TLRs (except for TLR3) and the IL-1 receptor family, the inhibitionof IRAK4 can be utilized for the prophylaxis and/or treatment ofdisorders which are mediated by the receptors mentioned. TLRs and alsocomponents of the IL-1 receptor family are involved in the pathogenesisof rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, juvenile idiopathicarthritis, myasthenia gravis, vasculitis, for example Behçet's diseaseand giant cell arteritis, pancreatitis, systemic lupus erythematosus,dermatomyositis and polymyositis, diabetes mellitus (type 1 and type 2),diabetic nephropathy, osteoarthritis, Sjögren syndrome, Still's disease,multiple sclerosis and sepsis (Yang, Tuzun, et al., J Immunol, 2005;Zhou et al., Arthritis Rheum, 2005; Candia, Marquez et al., The Journalof Rheumatology, 2007; Li, Eur J Immunol, 2008; Scanzello, Plaas, et al.Curr Opin Rheumatol, 2008; Deng, Ma-Krupa, et al., Circ Res, 2009;Roger, Froidevaux, et al, PNAS, 2009; Devaraj, Tobias, et al.,Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol, 2011; Ferraccioli et al., Mol Med, 2010;Kim, Cho, et al., Clin Rheumatol, 2010; Carrasco et al., Clinical andExperimental Rheumatology, 2011; Gambuzza, Licata, et al., Journal ofNeuroimmunology, 2011; Fresno, Archives Of Physiology And Biochemistry,2011; Volin and Koch, J Interferon Cytokine Res, 2011; Akash, Shen, etal., Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2012; Goh and Midwood,Rheumatology, 2012; Dasu, Ramirez, et al., Clinical Science, 2012;Ouziel, Gustot, et al., Am J Patho, 2012; Ramirez and Dasu, CurrDiabetes Rev, 2012; Okiyama et al., Arthritis Rheum, 2012; Chen et al.,Arthritis Res Ther, 2013; Liu et al., Clin Rev Allergy Immunol, 2013;Sedimbi, Hagglof, et al., Cell Mol Life Sci, 2013; Van de Veerdonk etal., Front Immunol, 2013; Zarpelon et al., Br J Pharmacol, 2013; Caso,Costa, et al., Mediators of Inflammation, 2014; Cordiglieri, Marolda, etal., J Autoimmun, 2014; Jialal, Major, et al., J Diabetes Complications,2014; Kaplan, Yazgan, et al., Scand J Gastroenterol, 2014; Talabot-Aye,et al., Cytokine, 2014; Zong, Dorph, et al., Ann Rheum Di, 2014; Timper,Seelig, et al., J Diabetes Complications, 2015).

Skin diseases such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, Kindler's syndrome,bullous pemphigoid, allergic contact dermatitis, alopecia areata, acneinversa and acne vulgaris are likewise associated with theIRAK4-mediated TLR signalling pathway or the IL-1R family (Schmidt,Mittnacht, et al., J Dermatol Sci, 1996; Hoffmann, J Investig DermatolSymp Proc, 1999; Gilliet, Conrad, et al., Archives of Dermatology, 2004;Niebuhr, Langnickel, et al., Allergy, 2008; Miller, Adv Dermatol, 2008;Terhorst, Kalali, et al., Am J Clin Dermatol, 2010; Viguier, Guigue, etal., Annals of Internal Medicine, 2010; Carrier et al., J InvestDermatol, 2011; Cevikbas, Steinhoff, J Invest Dermatol, 2012; Minkis,Aksentijevich, et al., Archives of Dermatology, 2012; Dispenza, Wolpert,et al., J Invest Dermatol, 2012; Minkis, Aksentijevich, et al., Archivesof Dermatology, 2012; Liu et al., Clin Rev Allergy Immunol, 2013;Gresnigt and van de Veerdonk, Seminars in Immunology, 2013; Selway,Kurczab, et al., BMC Dermatology, 2013; Sedimbi, Hagglof, et al., CellMol Life Sci, 2013; Wollina, Koch, et al. Indian Dermatol Online, 2013;Foster, Baliwag, et al., J Immunol, 2014).

TLRs and also IL-1R family members are additionally also involved in thepathogenesis of other inflammatory disorders such as allergy, Behçet'sdisease, crystal arthropathies such as gout, systematic lupuserythematosus, adult-onset Still's disease and chronic inflammatorybowel disorders such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, and soinhibition of IRAK4 here is a suitable prophylactic and/or therapeuticapproach (Liu-Bryan, Scott, et al., Arthritis & Rheumatism, 2005;Piggott, Eisenbarth, et al., J Clin Inves, 2005; Christensen, Shupe, etal., Immunity, 2006; Cario, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 2010;Nickerson, Christensen, et al., The Journal of Immunology, 2010;Rakoff-Nahoum, Hao, et al., Immunity, 2006; Heimesaat, Fischer, et al.,PLoS ONE, 2007; Heimesaat, Nogai, et al., Gut, 2010; Kobori, Yagi, etal., J Gastroenterol, 2010; Schmidt, Raghavan, et al., Nat Immunol,2010; Shi, Mucsi, et al., Immunological Reviews, 2010; Coccia et al., JExp Med, 2012; Leventhal and Schroppel, Kidney Int, 2012; Chen, Lin, etal., Arthritis Res Ther, 2013; Hao, Liu, et al., Curr OpinGastroenterol, 2013; Kreisel and Goldstein, Transplant International,2013; Li, Wang, et al., Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 2013; Walsh,Carthy, et al., Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews, 2013; Zhu, Jiang, etal., Autoimmunity, 2013; Yap and Lai, Nephrology, 2013; Vennegaard,Dyring-Andersen, et al., Contact Dermatitis, 2014; D'Elia, Brucato, etal., Clin Exp Rheumatol, 2015; Jain, Thongprayoon, et al., Am JCardiol., 2015; Li, Zhang, et al., Oncol Rep., 2015).

In addition to the disorders already mentioned, IRAK4-mediated TLRprocesses have been described in the pathogenesis of inflammatory eyedisorders such as uveitis, keratitis and allergic conjunctivitis (Li etal., Curr Mol Med. 2009; Bascherini et al., Clin Rheumatol. 2015; Sunand Pearlman, Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 2009;Redfern and McDermott, Experimental Eye Research, 2010; Kezic, Taylor,et al., J Leukoc Biol, 2011; Chang, McCluskey, et al., Clinical &Experimental Ophthalmology, 2012).

Because of the involvement of TLR-mediated signals and IL-1 receptorfamily-mediated signals via IRAK4 in the case of pruritus and pain,including acute, chronic, inflammatory and neuropathic pain, there maybe assumed to be a therapeutic effect in the indications mentionedthrough the inhibition of IRAK4. Examples of pain include hyperalgesia,allodynia, post-operative pain, neuropathic pain, abdominal pain,inflammation-induced pain, lower back pain, and chronic pain (Wolf etal., Brain Behav Imm, 2008; Kim et al., Toll-like Receptors: Roles inInfection and Neuropathology, 2009; del Rey, Apkarian, et al., Ann N YAc Sci, 2012; Guerrero et al., Eur J Pharmacol, 2012; Kwok et al., PLoSONE, 2012; Nicotra, et al., Ex Neurol, 2012; Chopra and Cooper, JNeuroimmune Pharmacol, 2013; David et al., Neurobiol Dis, 2013; Liu andJi, Pflugers Arch., 2013; Stokes et al., J Neuroinflammation, 2013;Park, Stokes, et al., Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 2014; Won et al., JPain, 2014; Siddique and Khan, Dig Dis Sci. 2011; Schrepf et al., BrainBehav Immun, 2015).

Inflammatory disorders such as CAPS (cryopyrin-associated periodicsyndromes) including FCAS (familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome), MWS(Muckle-Wells syndrome), NOMID (neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatorydisease) and CONCA (chronic infantile, neurological, cutaneous, andarticular) syndrome; FMF (familial mediterranean fever), HIDS (hyper-IgDsyndrome), TRAPS (tumour necrosis factor receptor 1-associated periodicsyndrome), juvenile idiopathic arthritis, adult-onset Still's disease,Adamantiades-Behçet's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis,Schnitzler's syndrome, SAPHO (acronym for synovitis, acne, pustulosis,hyperostosis and osteitis) syndrome, PAPA (acronym for pyogenicarthritis, Pyoderma gangraenosum and acne) syndrome, PASS (acronym forpyoderma gangraenosum, acne vulgaris, hidradenitis suppurativa andankylosing spondylitis) syndrome and Sjögren syndrome are treated byblocking the IL-1 signal pathway; therefore here, too, an IRAK4inhibitor is suitable for treatment of the diseases mentioned (Narayananet al., Cornea 2008; Brenner et al., Br J Dermatol, 2009; Henderson andGoldbach-Mansky, Clin Immunol, 2010; Dinarello, European Journal ofImmunology, 2011; Gul, Tugal-Tutkun, et al., Ann Rheum Dis, 2012;Pettersson, Annals of MedicinePetterson, 2012; Ruperto et al., N Engl JMed, 2012; Nordström et al., J Rheumatol, 2012; Vijmasi et al., Mol Vis,2013; Yamada et al., Expert Opin Ther Target, 2013; de Koning, ClinTransl Allergy, 2014). The ligand of IL-33R, IL-33, is involvedparticularly in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis and allergiceczema/dermatitis and Bekhterev's disease, and so the inhibition ofIRAK4 for prophylaxis and/or treatment is a suitable therapeuticapproach (Li et al., J Investig Med, 2013; Theoharides et al., JPharmacol Exp Ther. 2015; Saluja et al., Clin Transl Allergy. 2015;Firinu et al., Curr Rheumatol Rep, 2016; Leuenberger et al.,Dermatology, 2016; Nygaard et al., J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016;Omenetti et al., Rheumatology (Oxford), 2016). Components of the IL-1receptor family are associated with different inflammatory disorderssuch as asthma, COPD, idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, allergicrhinitis, pulmonary fibrosis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)and CRMO (chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis), and soprophylactic and/or therapeutic action is to be expected in theindications mentioned through the inhibition of IRAK4 (Kang et al., JImmunol, 2007; Imaoka et al., Eur Resp J, 2008; Couillin et al., JImmunol, 2009; Lloyd, Curr OpinImmunol, 2010; Pauwels, et al., EurRespir J, 2011; Haenuki, et al., J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2012; Yin, etal., ClinExpImmunol, 2012; Alexander-Brett, et al., J Clin Invest, 2013;Bunting, et al., BioMed Res Int, 2013; Byers, et al., J Clin Invest,2013; Kawayama, et al., J Interferon Cytokine Res, 2013;Martinez-Gonzalez et al., Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 2013; Nakanishi etal., PLoS ONE, 2013; Qiu et al., Immunol, 2013; Li, et al., J AllergyClin Immunol, 2014; Saluja, et al., Mol Immunol, 2014; Scianaro et al.,Pediatr Rheumatol Online, 2014; Lugrin, et al., J Immunol, 2015).

As standard therapy in cases of autoimmune disorders such as multiplesclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis and peripheralarthritides, use is made of immunosuppressants which substantiallysuppress the immune system.

Current pharmacological therapy of multiple sclerosis (MS) followsdifferent approaches:

-   -   therapy of the acute MS episode using high-dose systemic        steroids,    -   symptomatic therapy with various medicaments matching the        symptoms and    -   a therapy for the prevention of new MS eposides. Here, use is        made of parenteral (e.g. beta-interferons, glatiramer acetate,        natalizumab), and oral medicaments (e.g. fingolimod (dimethyl        fumarate), teriflunomide), and also of cortisone preparations        (e.g. prednisolone or methyl prednisolone).

For the therapy of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), use is made ofimmunosuppressants or immunomodulators such as NSAIDs,hydroxychloroquin, systemic steroids (glucocorticoids), mycophenolatmofetil (MMF), azathioprine, leflunomide, methotrexate, cyclosporine orcyclophosphamide, frequently in combination and as interval/maintenancetherapy, or belimumab or rituximab, antibodies to be appliedparenterally.

Psoriasis therapy depends on the degree of severity and is carried outusing topical steroids and vitamin D3 analogues (or a combination ofboth) or topic dithranol or retinoid, frequently together withexfoliating compounds (such as salicylic acid or urea) to be appliedexternally, and phototherapy. In some cases, calcineurine inhibitorssuch as tacrolimus and pimecrolimus are employed, too. Systemictherapies available are, inter alia, methotrexate, cyclosporine, fumaricesters, apremilast, retinoid TNF blockers and other active compounds.Biologics such as TNF blockers (e.g. etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab,golimumab and certolizumab pegol) or interleukin-inhibiting monoclonalantibodies such as ustekinumab and secukinumab are also used inpsoriasis treatments.

For the treatment of atopic dermatitis (neurodermatitis) and allergiceczema, use is made of steroids, salicylic acid, urea, calcineurineinhibitors such as tacrolimus, antibiotics (e.g. mupirocin),antihistamines, cyclosporine and phototherapy.

For the therapy of arthritides such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriaticarthritis and Bekhterev's disease, in addition to NSAIDs (non-steroidalanti-inflammatory drugs), hydroxychloroquine and steroids (e.g.prednisone), the so-called chemical disease-modifying drugs (DMARDS)such as methotrexate, sulfasalazine and leflunomide, TNF-blockers andother active compounds are available. Biologics such as TNF blockers(infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab and certolizumab pegol, and alsoetanercept), rituximab, abatacept or interleukin-inhibiting monoclonalantibodies such as ustekinumab, tocilizumab and secukinumab, or Jak/STATinhibitors such as tofacitinib are used for treating arthritides.

Patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disorders are treated, forexample, with antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin and metronidazole,antidiuretics such as loperamide or laxatives (bisacodyl) and probioticbacteria (Mutaflor, VSL #3®, Lactobacillus GG, Lactobacillus plantarum,L. acidophilus, L. casei, Bifidobacterium infantis 35624, Enterococcusfecium SF68, Bifidobacterium longum, Escherichia coli Nissle 1917).Furthermore, the patients respond to topical treatment with steroids(e.g. with budesonide) or systemic treatment with steroids (e.g.prednisolone). Moreover, sulfasalazine, azathioprine, mercaptopurine,methotrexate, cyclosporine, TNF-blockers (e.g. adalimumab, etanercept)and integrin antibodies (e.g. vedolizumab, natalizumab) are used fortreatment.

However, the known therapeutical approaches do not eliminate the causeof the disorder and may result in life-threatening infections.

In certain cases all of the therapies described may cause seriousside-effects, e.g. osteoporosis, negative effects on glucose levels(systemic steroids), in some cases lethal infections, reactivation oftuberculosis (TNF blockers), organ damage (pancreatitis, hepatitis,pneumonitis), infusion and injection reactions, auto-antibody formation(most parenteral biologics), increased risk of cancer (TNF blockers) andothers. None of the therapies mentioned cures the disorders described,and new episodes and exacerbations are very frequent, in particular whenthe therapy is discontinued.

It is an object of the present invention to provide alternative optionsfor the treatment of autoimmune disorders, in particular of multiplesclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, peripheralarthritides (in particular psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis,reactive arthritis, systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis), axialarthritis (in particular Bechterew disease), chronic inflammatory boweldisorders (in particular Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis), atopicdermatitis and allergic eczema/contact dermatitis.

The problem addressed by the present invention is solved by the use ofcompounds of the general formula (I)

in which:

-   R¹ is C₁-C₆-alkyl, where the C₁-C₆-alkyl radical is unsubstituted or    mono- or polysubstituted identically or differently by    -   halogen, hydroxyl, an unsubstituted or mono- or        poly-halogen-substituted C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, or an R⁶, R⁷SO₂, R⁷SO        or R⁸O radical,    -   or a group selected from:

-   -   where * represents the bonding site of the group to the rest of        the molecule;

-   R² and R³ always have the same definition and are both either    hydrogen or C₁-C₆-alkyl;

-   R⁴ is halogen, cyano, an unsubstituted or a singly or multiply,    identically or differently substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl or an    unsubstituted or a singly or multiply, identically or differently    substituted C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, and the substituents are selected from    the group of halogen and hydroxyl;

-   R⁵ is hydrogen, halogen or an unsubstituted or mono- or    poly-halogen-substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl;

-   R⁶ is an unsubstituted or mono- or di-methyl-substituted monocyclic    saturated heterocycle having 4 to 6 ring atoms, which contains a    heteroatom or a heterogroup from the group of O, S, SO and SO₂;

-   R⁷ is C₁-C₆-alkyl, where the C₁-C₆-alkyl radical is unsubstituted or    mono- or polysubstituted identically or differently by halogen,    hydroxyl or C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, or R⁷ is C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl;

-   R⁸ is C₁-C₆-alkyl, where the C₁-C₆-alkyl radical is unsubstituted or    mono- or polysubstituted identically or differently by halogen;    and the diastereomers, enantiomers, metabolites, salts, solvates or    solvates of the salts thereof for treatment and/or prophylaxis of    autoimmune disorders which are mediated by IRAK4.

A further embodiment of the invention consists in the use of thecompounds of the general formula (I) for the treatment and/orprophylaxis of multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus,psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and allergic eczema, arthritis (inparticular psoratic arthritis, Bechterew disease, rheumatoid arthritis,reactive arthritis, systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis), chronicinflammatory bowel disorders (in particular Crohn's disease, ulcerativecolitis).

For the purpose of the present invention, multiple sclerosis (MS), whichis also referred to as encephalomyelitis disseminata (ED), is understoodto mean a chronic inflammatory disorder of the central nervous systemwhich embraces the brain and spinal cord and during the course of whichnerve structures, in particular the myelin sheath, are destroyed by anautoreactive immune system. In most cases, the onset of the disorder isin early adulthood, and it may lead to various symptoms such as impairedvision, pain and/or paralysis. The frequency of multiple sclerosis amongwomen is about twice that among men. There is still no cure for MS, butits course can be attenuated using medicaments such as teriflunomide,dimethyl fumarate and fingolimod. From individual to individual, thecourse of MS may differ strongly. The two most significant forms ofprogression of MS is the episodic and the chronically progressive(progredient) course. Frequently (in about 80% of patients), aninitially episodic remitting course (relapsing remitting, RR-MS forshort) later changes to a chronically progredient course (secondaryprogressive, SP-MS for short). Less often (in about 10% of MS cases)there is a chronically progressive course even at the beginning (primaryprogressive, PP-MS for short), without any episodes of the disorderbeing noticeable beforehand.

For the purpose of the present invention, systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE) is to be understood as meaning a chronic and life-threateningautoimmune disorder which may lead to multiple organ pathologies, skinmanifestations (e.g. butterfly rash) and a kidney disorder (lupusnephritis). Here, the formation of autoreactive B cells secretinganti-DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and other autoantibodies leads to theformation of pathogenetically relevant immune complexes. These can thenactivate cells of the immune system, for example plasmacytoid dendriticcells (pDCs) via endosomal nucleic acid-specific toll-like receptors(TLR), specifically TLR7 and TLR9. This results in the production oftype I interferon (such as IFN-alpha and TNF-α) (Chen et al., Clinic RevAllerg Immunol, 2015). In addition to INF-α and TNF-α, in SLE patients asignificant increase of the serum levels of IL-6 and IFN-γ compared tohealthy individuals is also observed (Lyn-Cook et al., Mol Immunol,2014). Also, there is an increased frequency of circulating ThH17 cells(T helper cells of type 17) followed by an increase of IL-17 serumlevels, both of which correlate with the degree of severity of thedisorder (Zambrano-Zargoza et al., Int J Inflamm, 2014).

For the purpose of the present invention, psoriasis is understood asmeaning a chronic skin inflammation with episodic progression andincreased flaking of the skin. Characteristic symptoms are silver-whiteroundish skin lesions which flake strongly and preferably occur atknees, elbows and scalp. The affected areas are frequently very itchy.Responsible for the development of psoriasis is a chronic inflammatoryreaction mediated by Th1 and Th17 cells (T helper cells of type 1 ortype 17). During this inflammatory reaction, proinflammatory cytokinessuch as IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-23 and IL-17 are produced (Deng et al., ClinRev Allergy Immunol. 2016; Zambrano-Zargoza et al., Int J Inflamm, 2014;Chen et al., Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol, 2015). This results inceratinocytes proliferating and migrating into the horny layer of theskin about seven times more rapidly (instead of 28 days, in the case ofpsoriasis patients this only takes about 4 days). This results in arapid neoformation of the epidermis. In addition to the skin, the nailsare also frequently affected, displaying indentations and brownishspots. In about 25% of the patients, the joints are also affected, whichis referred to as psoriatic arthritis (Raychaudhuri et al., ClinRheumatol., 2015).

For the purpose of the present invention, atopic dermatitis(neurodermatitis) and allergic eczema is to be understood as meaning achronic inflammatory skin disorder associated with itching. Whereasallergic eczema is the result of a specific inappropriate overreactionof the immune system to an external allergen which, per se, would not beharmful to the organism, in contrast, in the case of neurodermatitispatients the protective function of the skin is reduced. In atopicpatients, contact with physical, chemical or microbial stimuli may thenresult in inflammation. Atopic dermatitis frequently starts in infancyand childhood and typically progresses with episodes which may alternatewith phases with few symptoms, if any (Malajian and Guttman-Yassky,Cytokine, 2015). Allergic reactions such as allergic eczema may triggeror maintain atopic dermatitis (Fischer et al., Der Hautarzt, 2003). Inmany neurodermatitis patients, an increased level of immunoglobulin E(IgE), which plays an important role in allergic reactions, can bedetected. Allergic eczema requires uncovering of the causes, i.e. theallergen, by an epicutane test, and subsequently allergen avoidance isof central importance. An immune reaction of type Th2 is common toinflammatory skin disorders, i.e. owing to the allergen contact or dueto the defective skin barrier and thus invasion of, for example,bacteria, the autoreactive immune system in these patients is stimulatedvia TLR or receptors of the IL-1 family, resulting in the activation ofTh2 cells. As a consequence of this immune response, proinflammatorycytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-18, IL-33, etc., are produced(Kaesler et al., J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014; Panzer et al., ExpDermatol, 2014; Skabytska et al., J Dtsch Dermatol Ges, 2016; Paul,Cytokine, 2015; Malajian and Guttman-Yassky, Cytokine, 2015; McKenzie,Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2014).

For the purpose of the present invention, arthritis (psoriaticarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, reactive arthritis, Bechterew disease,systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis) is to be understood as meaningan inflammatory joint disorder. Here, axial arthritis characterized byan inflammation of the spinal joints (e.g. Bechterew disease) isdistinguished from peripheral arthritis where the joints of theextremities such as toes, ankles, knee, fingers, hands or else elbowsare mainly affected. Here, peripheral arthritis can be symmetrical, i.e.the same joints of both sides of the body are both affected (e.g.rheumatoid arthritis) or else asymmetrical, i.e. inflamed joints aredistributed unevenly over both sides of the body (e.g. psoriaticarthritis). Here, the mobility of the inflamed joints is painfullyrestricted, and the skin above is reddened and hyperthermic. Thearthritic disorders are characterized by episodic progredientprogression which may result in destruction of the joints and seriousdisability up to invalidity. Autoreactive B cells, Th1 cells and Th17cells and also proinflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ, TNF, IL-6,IL-12, IL-23 and IL-17 play a central role in induction, but alsoprogression, of the pathological processes of arthritis. These immunecells also induce the production of metalloproteinases as well asmaturation and activation of osteoclasts, which then results indestruction of the cartilage and the bone in the joint affected(Raychaudhuri et al., Clin Rheumatol, 2015; Burmester et al., Ann RheumDis, 2015; Furst and Emery, Rheumatol, 2014; McInnes and Schett, Engl JMed, 2011).

For the purpose of the present invention, chronic inflammatory boweldisease (IBD) with its main forms Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitisis to be understood as meaning an episodic inflammation of thegastrointestinal tract which can persist the entire life. AlthoughCrohn's disease and ulcerative colitis share many pathologicalcharacteristics and clinical symptoms (such as bloody diarrhoea withabdominal cramps followed by weight loss) they also differ in manyaspects. Whereas in the case of Crohn's disease inflammation may occurin the entire gastrointestinal tract from the oral cavity to the anus,in the case of ulcerative colitis patients it is limited to the colon.Also, in the case of Crohn's disease, the spread of the intestinalinflammation is more uneven, i.e. healthy and inflamed sectionsalternate, whereas in the case of ulcerative colitis the inflammation isspread evenly from the anus over the colon. In addition, there may alsobe symptoms outside of the gastrointestinal tract, for example at thejoints and the skin, and also liver inflammations. Furthermore,ulcerative colitis patients in particular have an increased risk ofbowel cancer (Geremia et al., Autoimmunity Rev, 2014). Both diseasesoccur more frequently between the ages of 20 and 40, however, childrenand adolescents may also be affected. The chronic-inflammatory boweldisorders cannot be cured; however, frequency and intensity of theepisodes of the disease can be reduced by treatment with medicaments,for example by sulfasalazine, steroids or biologics (such as anti-TNFantibodies) and lifestyle modification.

In the case of the synthesis intermediates and working examples of theinvention described hereinafter, any compound specified in the form of asalt of the corresponding base or acid is generally a salt of unknownexact stoichiometric composition, as obtained by the respectivepreparation and/or purification process. Unless specified in moredetail, additions to names and structural formulae, such as“hydrochloride”, “trifluoroacetate”, “sodium salt” or “x HCl”, “xCF₃COOH”, “x Na” should not therefore be understood in a stoichiometricsense in the case of such salts, but have merely descriptive characterwith regard to the salt-forming components present therein.

This applies correspondingly if synthesis intermediates or workingexamples or salts thereof were obtained in the form of solvates, forexample hydrates, of unknown stoichiometric composition (if they are ofa defined type) by the preparation and/or purification processesdescribed.

Compounds of the formula (I) are understood to mean the compounds assuch as well as the salts, solvates and solvates of the salts thereof,the compounds that are encompassed by formula (I) and are of theformulae mentioned below and the salts, solvates and solvates of thesalts thereof and the compounds that are encompassed by the formula (I)and are mentioned below as embodiments and the salts, solvates andsolvates of the salts thereof if the compounds that are encompassed bythe formula (I) and are mentioned below are not already salts, solvatesand solvates of the salts.

Preferred salts in the context of the present invention arephysiologically acceptable salts of the compounds of the general formula(I). However, the invention also encompasses salts which themselves areunsuitable for pharmaceutical applications but which can be used, forexample, for the isolation or purification of the compounds of thegeneral formula (I).

Physiologically acceptable salts of the compounds of the general formula(I) include acid addition salts of mineral acids, carboxylic acids andsulphonic acids, for example salts of hydrochloric acid, hydrobromicacid, sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, methanesulphonic acid,ethanesulphonic acid, toluenesulphonic acid, benzenesulphonic acid,naphthalenedisulphonic acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid,propionic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, citric acid,fumaric acid, maleic acid and benzoic acid.

Physiologically acceptable salts of the compounds of the general formula(I) also include salts of conventional bases, by way of example and withpreference alkali metal salts (e.g. sodium and potassium salts),alkaline earth metal salts (e.g. calcium and magnesium salts) andammonium salts derived from ammonia or organic amines having 1 to 16carbon atoms, by way of example and with preference ethylamine,diethylamine, triethylamine, ethyldiisopropylamine, monoethanolamine,diethanolamine, triethanolamine, dicyclohexylamine,dimethylaminoethanol, procaine, dibenzylamine, N-methylmorpholine,arginine, lysine, ethylenediamine and N-methylpiperidine. Solvates inthe context of the invention are described as those forms of thecompounds of the general formula (I) which form a complex in the solidor liquid state by coordination with solvent molecules. Hydrates are aspecific form of the solvates in which the coordination is with water.

The compounds of the general formula (I) may, depending on theirstructure, exist in different stereoisomeric forms, i.e. in the form ofconfigurational isomers or else, if appropriate, of conformationalisomers (enantiomers and/or diastereomers, including those in the caseof atropisomers). The present invention therefore encompasses theenantiomers and diastereomers, and the respective mixtures thereof. Thestereoisomerically homogeneous constituents can be isolated from suchmixtures of enantiomers and/or diastereomers in a known manner;chromatography processes are preferably used for this purpose,especially HPLC chromatography on an achiral or chiral phase.

If the compounds of the general formula (I) can occur in tautomericforms, the present invention encompasses all the tautomeric forms.

The compounds of the general formula (I) can also be present in the formof all suitable isotopic variants of the compounds of the generalformula (I). An isotopic variant of an inventive compound is understoodhere as meaning a compound in which at least one atom within theinventive compound has been exchanged for another atom of the sameatomic number, but with a different atomic mass than the atomic masswhich usually or predominantly occurs in nature. Examples of isotopeswhich can be incorporated into an inventive compound are those ofhydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulphur, fluorine,chlorine, bromine and iodine, such as 2H (deuterium), 3H (tritium), 13C,14C, 15N, 17O, 18O, 32P, 33P, 33S, 34S, 35S, 36S, 18F, 36Cl, 82Br, 123I,124I, 129I and 131I. Particular isotopic variants of an inventivecompound, such as, in particular, those in which one or more radioactiveisotopes have been incorporated, may be beneficial, for example, for theexamination of the mechanism of action or of the active ingredientdistribution in the body; because of the comparative ease ofpreparability and detectability, particularly compounds labelled with 3Hor 14C isotopes are suitable for this purpose. In addition, theincorporation of isotopes, for example of deuterium, may lead toparticular therapeutic benefits as a consequence of greater metabolicstability of the compound, for example an extension of the half-life inthe body or a reduction in the active dose required; such modificationsof the compounds of the general formula (I) may therefore in some casesalso constitute a preferred embodiment of the present invention.Isotopic variants of the compounds of the general formula (I) can beprepared by the processes known to those skilled in the art, for exampleby the methods described further below and the procedures described inthe working examples, by using corresponding isotopic modifications ofthe respective reagents and/or starting compounds.

The term compounds of the general formula (I) additionally alsoencompasses prodrugs of the compounds of the general formula (I). Theterm “prodrugs” in this context refers to compounds which may themselvesbe biologically active or inactive but are converted (for examplemetabolically or hydrolytically) to compounds of the general formula (I)during their residence time in the body.

In the context of the present invention, unless specified otherwise, thesubstituents have the following meanings:

Alkyl in the context of the invention represents a straight-chain orbranched alkyl radical having the particular number of carbon atomsspecified. Examples include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl,isobutyl, 1-methylpropyl, 2-methylpropyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl,1-ethylpropyl, 1-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl,2,2-dimethylpropyl, n-hexyl, 1-methylpentyl, 2-methylpentyl,3-methylpentyl, 4-methylpentyl, 1-ethylbutyl and 2-ethylbutyl.Preference is given to methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, 2-methylbutyl,3-methylbutyl and 2,2-dimethylpropyl.

Cycloalkyl in the context of the invention is a monocyclic saturatedalkyl radical having the number of carbon atoms specified in each case.Preferred examples include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl andcyclohexyl.

Alkoxy in the context of the invention represents a straight-chain orbranched alkoxy radical having the particular number of carbon atomsspecified. 1 to 6 carbon atoms are preferred. Examples include methoxy,ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, 1-methylpropoxy, n-butoxy, isobutoxy,tert-butoxy, n-pentoxy, isopentoxy, 1-ethylpropoxy, 1-methylbutoxy,2-methylbutoxy, 3-methylbutoxy and n-hexoxy. Particular preference isgiven to a linear or branched alkoxy radical having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.Examples which may be mentioned as being preferred are methoxy, ethoxy,n-propoxy, 1-methylpropoxy, n-butoxy and isobutoxy.

Halogen in the context of the invention is fluorine, chlorine andbromine. Preference is given to fluorine.

Hydroxyl in the context of the invention is OH.

A monocyclic saturated heterocycle is a monocyclic saturated heterocyclewhich has 4 to 6 ring atoms and contains a heteroatom or a heterogroupfrom the group of O, S, SO and SO₂. A heterocycle having a heteroatom ora heterogroup from the group of O, SO and SO₂ is preferred. Examplesinclude: oxetane, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl,1,1-dioxidotetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-3-yl,1,1-dioxidotetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-2-yl,1,1-dioxidotetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-4-yl,1,1-dioxidotetrahydrothiophen-3-yl, 1,1-dioxidotetrahydrothiophen-2-yl,1,1-dioxidothietan-2-yl or 1,1-dioxidothietan-3-yl. Particularpreference is given here to oxetane and tetrahydrofuran. Very particularpreference is given to oxetan-3-yl.

A symbol * at a bond denotes the bonding site in the molecule.

When radicals in the compounds of the general formula (I) aresubstituted, the radicals may be mono- or polysubstituted, unlessspecified otherwise. In the context of the present invention, allradicals which occur more than once are defined independently of oneanother. Substitution by one, two or three identical or differentsubstituents is preferred.

A preferred embodiment of R¹ is a C₂-C₆-alkyl radical substituted by 1,2 or 3 fluorine atoms. Particular preference is given to2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl and 4,4,4-trifluorobutyl.Very particular preference is given to a 4,4,4-trifluorobutyl radical.

A further preferred embodiment of R¹ is a C₂-C₆-alkyl radicalsubstituted by one or two hydroxyl group(s) or one C₁-C₃-alkoxy or atri-fluorine-substituted C₁-C₃-alkoxy. Particular preference is given toa C₂-C₅-alkyl radical substituted by hydroxyl or C₁-C₃-alkoxy ortrifluoromethoxy or 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy. Very particular preference isgiven to 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl, 3-methoxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropyl,3-trifluoromethoxypropyl, 2-methoxyethyl or 2-hydroxyethyl. Especiallypreferred is the 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl radical.

Further preferably, R¹ is a C₂-C₆-alkyl radical substituted by aC₁-C₆-alkyl-SO₂ group. A methyl-SO₂-substituted C₂-C₄-alkyl radical isparticularly preferred. Especially preferred for R¹ are2-(methylsulphonyl)ethyl or 3-(methylsulphonyl)propyl. From the lattergroup, 2-(methylsulphonyl)ethyl is particularly preferred.

Additionally preferably, R¹ is a C₁-C₃-alkyl radical substituted byoxetanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl,1,1-dioxidotetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-3-yl,1,1-dioxidotetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-2-yl,1,1-dioxidotetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-4-yl,1,1-dioxidotetrahydrothiophen-3-yl, 1,1-dioxidotetrahydrothiophen-2-yl,1,1-dioxidothietan-2-yl or 1,1-dioxidothietan-3-yl. Particularpreference is given to a C₁-C₃-alkyl radical substituted by an oxetanegroup. Especially preferred for R¹ is an oxetan-3-ylmethyl group.

For R² and R³, which always have the same definition, hydrogen or methylare preferred. Methyl is particularly preferred.

In the case of R⁴, preference is given to an unsubstituted or mono- orpoly-halogen-substituted C₁-C₃-alkyl radical or a C₁-C₃-alkyl radicalsubstituted by one hydroxyl group or a C₁-C₃-alkyl radical substitutedby one hydroxyl group and three fluorine atoms.

For R⁴, particular preference is given to the following radicals:methyl, ethyl, trifluoro-C₁-C₃-alkyl, difluoro-C₁-C₃-alkyl,hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxypropan-2-yl and2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxyethyl. For R⁴, particular preference is givento the methyl, trifluoromethyl and difluoromethyl radicals. Particularpreference is given here to a trifluoromethyl radical.

A preferred embodiment of R⁵ is hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine orC₁-C₃-alkyl. More preferably, R⁵ is hydrogen, fluorine or methyl. Mostpreferably, R⁵ is hydrogen or fluorine.

Particular preference is also given to compounds in which R⁴ is methylor trifluoromethyl and R⁵ is fluorine. Very particular preference isgiven to compounds in which R⁴ is methyl and R⁵ is fluorine, where R⁵ isin the ortho position to R⁴.

For R⁶, preferred embodiments include oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl,tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl, 1,1-dioxidotetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-3-yl,1,1-dioxidotetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-2-yl,1,1-dioxidotetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-4-yl,1,1-dioxidotetrahydrothiophen-3-yl, 1,1-dioxidotetrahydrothiophen-2-yl,1,1-dioxidothietan-2-yl or 1,1-dioxidothietan-3-yl. Particularpreference is given here to oxetanyl. Very particular preference isgiven to oxetan-3-yl.

R⁷ is exclusively connected to the functional groups —SO₂— and —SO—,i.e. is an R⁷-substituted —SO₂— or SO group. In this connection, R⁷ ispreferably C₁-C₄-alkyl, where the C₁-C₄-alkyl radical is unsubstitutedor monosubstituted by hydroxyl or by cyclopropyl or substituted by threefluorine atoms. Additionally preferred for R⁷ is a cyclopropyl radical.Particularly preferred for R⁷ are methyl, ethyl or hydroxyethyl. Veryparticular preference is given to methyl for R⁷.

This means that, in the case of a C₁-C₆-alkyl radical substituted byR⁷SO₂— or R⁷SO—, in the context of R¹, preference is given to aC₁-C₆-alkyl substituted by a C₁-C₆-alkyl-SO₂ or a C₁-C₆-alkyl-SO. ForR¹, preference is given here especially to methylsulphonylethyl andmethylsulphonylpropyl. Very particular preference is given here tomethylsulphonylethyl.

For R⁸, preference is given to an unsubstituted C₁-C₄-alkyl radical or atri-fluorine-substituted C₁-C₄-alkyl radical. Particular preference isgiven to methyl, ethyl, trifluoromethyl or 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl. Veryparticular preference is given to methyl, trifluoromethyl or2,2,2-trifluoroethyl.

Preference is given to the use of compounds of the formula (I) in which

-   R¹ is C₁-C₆-alkyl, where the C₁-C₆-alkyl radical is unsubstituted or    mono- or polysubstituted identically or differently by fluorine,    hydroxyl or an R⁶, R⁷SO₂, R⁷SO or R⁸O radical;-   R² and R³ always have the same definition and are both either    hydrogen or C₁-C₃-alkyl;-   R⁴ is halogen, cyano or C₁-C₃-alkyl, where the C₁-C₃-alkyl radical    is unsubstituted or mono- or polysubstituted identically or    differently by halogen or hydroxyl;-   R⁵ is hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine or C₁-C₃-alkyl;-   R⁶ is oxetanyl or tetrahydrofuranyl;-   R⁷ is C₁-C₄-alkyl, where the C₁-C₄-alkyl radical is unsubstituted or    monosubstituted by hydroxyl or by cyclopropyl or substituted by    three fluorine atoms;-   R⁸ is unsubstituted C₁-C₄-alkyl or tri-fluorine-substituted    C₁-C₄-alkyl;    and the diastereomers, enantiomers, metabolites, salts, solvates or    solvates of the salts thereof for treatment and/or prophylaxis of    autoimmune disorders which are mediated by IRAK4, especially for    treatment and prophylaxis of multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus    erythematosus, psoriasis, arthritis (psoriatic arthritis,    Bekhterev's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, reactive arthritis,    systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis), chronic-inflammatory bowel    disorders (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis), atopic dermatitis    and allergic eczema.

Preference is additionally given to the use of compounds of the formula(I) in which

-   R¹ is C₂-C₆-alkyl, where C₂-C₆-alkyl is unsubstituted, or    -   C₂-C₆-alkyl is mono-, di- or tri-fluorine-substituted or    -   C₂-C₆-alkyl is monosubstituted by hydroxyl, R⁶, R⁷SO₂, or R⁸O,    -   or in which R¹ is an oxetanyl-substituted C₁-C₃-alkyl;-   R² and R³ always have the same definition and are both either    hydrogen or methyl;-   R⁴ is an unsubstituted or mono- or poly-halogen-substituted    C₁-C₃-alkyl radical or a C₁-C₃-alkyl radical substituted by one    hydroxyl group or a C₁-C₃-alkyl radical substituted by one hydroxyl    group and three fluorine atoms;-   R⁵ is hydrogen, fluorine or C₁-C₃-alkyl;-   R⁷ is C₁-C₃-alkyl;-   R⁸ is C₁-C₄-alkyl, where the C₁-C₄-alkyl radical is unsubstituted or    mono-, di- or tri-fluorine-substituted;    and the diastereomers, enantiomers, metabolites, salts, solvates or    solvates of the salts thereof for treatment and/or prophylaxis of    autoimmune disorders which are mediated by IRAK4, especially for    treatment and prophylaxis of multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus    erythematosus, psoriasis, arthritis (psoriatic arthritis,    Bekhterev's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, reactive arthritis,    systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis), chronic-inflammatory bowel    disorders (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis), atopic dermatitis    and allergic eczema.

Particular preference is also given to the use of compounds of thegeneral formula (I) in which

-   R¹ is a C₂-C₅-alkyl radical substituted by hydroxyl or C₁-C₃-alkoxy    or trifluoromethoxy or 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy or trifluoromethyl or    -   is a methyl-SO₂-substituted C₂-C₄-alkyl radical or    -   is an oxetan-3-yl-substituted C₁-C₂-alkyl radical;-   R² and R³ always have the same definition and are both hydrogen or    methyl;-   R⁴ is methyl, ethyl, trifluoro-C₁-C₃-alkyl, difluoro-C₁-C₃-alkyl,    hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxypropan-2-yl and    2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxyethyl and-   R⁵ is hydrogen, fluorine or methyl;    and the diastereomers, enantiomers, metabolites, salts, solvates or    solvates of the salts thereof for treatment and/or prophylaxis of    autoimmune disorders which are mediated by IRAK4, especially for    treatment and prophylaxis of multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus    erythematosus, psoriasis, arthritis (psoriatic arthritis,    Bekhterev's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, reactive arthritis,    systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis), chronic-inflammatory bowel    disorders (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis), atopic dermatitis    and allergic eczema.

Very particular preference is given to the use of compounds in which

-   R¹ is 4,4,4-trifluorobutyl, 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl, 3-hydroxybutyl,    3-methoxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl,    3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropyl, 3-trifluoromethoxypropyl,    2-methoxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-(methylsulphonyl)ethyl or    3-(methylsulphonyl)propyl;-   R² and R³ are both methyl or hydrogen and-   R⁴ is difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl or methyl and-   R⁵ is hydrogen or fluorine;    and the diastereomers, enantiomers, metabolites, salts, solvates or    solvates of the salts thereof for treatment and/or prophylaxis of    autoimmune disorders which are mediated by IRAK4, especially for    treatment and prophylaxis of multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus    erythematosus, psoriasis, arthritis (psoriatic arthritis,    Bekhterev's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, reactive arthritis,    systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis), chronic-inflammatory bowel    disorders (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis), atopic dermatitis    and allergic eczema.

Very particular preference is also given to the use of compounds inwhich

-   R¹ is 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl, 3-hydroxybutyl,    3-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl, 3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropyl,    3-(methylsulphonyl)propyl or 2-(methylsulphonyl)ethyl;-   R² and R³ are both methyl;-   R⁴ is difluoromethyl or trifluoromethyl; and-   R⁵ is hydrogen;    and the diastereomers, enantiomers, metabolites, salts, solvates or    solvates of the salts thereof for treatment and/or prophylaxis of    autoimmune disorders which are mediated by IRAK4, especially for    treatment and prophylaxis of multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus    erythematosus, psoriasis, arthritis (psoriatic arthritis,    Bekhterev's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, reactive arthritis,    systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis), chronic-inflammatory bowel    disorders (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis), atopic dermatitis    and allergic eczema.

Particular preference is additionally also given to the use of compoundsin which

-   R¹ is 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl, 3-hydroxybutyl,    3-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl, 3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropyl,    3-(methylsulphonyl)propyl or 2-(methylsulphonyl)ethyl;-   R² and R³ are both methyl;-   R⁴ is methyl and-   R⁵ is fluorine, where R⁵ is in the ortho position to R⁴;    and the diastereomers, enantiomers, metabolites, salts, solvates or    solvates of the salts thereof for treatment and/or prophylaxis of    autoimmune disorders which are mediated by IRAK4, especially for    treatment and prophylaxis of multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus    erythematosus, psoriasis, arthritis (psoriatic arthritis,    Bekhterev's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, reactive arthritis,    systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis), chronic-inflammatory bowel    disorders (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis), atopic dermatitis    and allergic eczema.

The present invention especially provides the use of following compoundsfor treatment and/or prophylaxis of autoimmune disorders which aremediated by IRAK4:

-   1)    N-[6-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-(2-methoxyethyl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide-   2)    N-[6-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-(2-methoxyethyl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide-   3)    N-[6-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-(3-methoxypropyl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide-   4)    N-[6-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-(3-methoxypropyl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide-   5)    N-[2-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide-   6)    N-[6-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-(3-hydroxypropyl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide-   7)    N-[2-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide-   8)    N-[6-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-(oxetan-3-ylmethyl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide-   9)    N-[6-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-(oxetan-3-ylmethyl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide-   10)    N-{6-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-[3-(methylsulphonyl)propyl]-2H-indazol-5-yl}-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide-   11)    N-[2-(3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide-   12)    N-{6-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-[2-(methylsulphonyl)ethyl]-2H-indazol-5-yl}-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide-   13)    6-(Difluoromethyl)-N-[2-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]pyridine-2-carboxamide-   14)    6-(Difluoromethyl)-N-{6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-[2-(methylsulphonyl)ethyl]-2H-indazol-5-yl}pyridine-2-carboxamide-   15)    6-(Difluoromethyl)-N-[6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-(3-hydroxypropyl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]pyridine-2-carboxamide-   16)    N-[6-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide-   17)    N-{6-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-[3-(trifluoromethoxy)propyl]-2H-indazol-5-yl}-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide-   18)    N-{6-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-[3-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)propyl]-2H-indazol-5-yl}-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide-   19)    5-Fluoro-N-[2-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-methylpyridine-2-carboxamide-   20)    N-[2-(3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-methylpyridine-2-carboxamide-   21)    6-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-N-[6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]pyridine-2-carboxamide-   22)    N-{2-[2-(1-Hydroxycyclopropyl)ethyl]-6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2H-indazol-5-yl}-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide.

The invention further provides for the use of the abovementionedcompounds 1) to 22) for treatment and/or prophylaxis of multiplesclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, arthritis (psoriaticarthritis, Bekhterev's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, reactivearthritis, systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis), chronic-inflammatorybowel disorders (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis), atopic dermatitisand allergic eczema.

The invention further provides for the use of compounds of the generalformula (III)

in which

-   R¹ is 4,4,4-trifluorobutyl, 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl,    3-methoxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxybutyl,    3-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl, 3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropyl,    3-trifluoromethoxypropyl, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl,    2-(methylsulphonyl)ethyl, 3-(methylsulphonyl)propyl or    2-(1-hydroxycyclopropyl)ethyl;-   R⁴ is difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl or methyl; and-   R⁵ is hydrogen or fluorine;    and the diastereomers, enantiomers, metabolites, salts, solvates or    solvates of the salts thereof for treatment and/or prophylaxis of    autoimmune disorders which are mediated by IRAK4.

A further embodiment of the invention is the use of compounds of thegeneral formula (III), in which R¹, R⁴ and R⁵ are as defined above, fortreatment and/or prophylaxis of multiple sclerosis, systemic lupuserythematosus, psoriasis, arthritis (psoriatic arthritis, Bekhterev'sdisease, rheumatoid arthritis, reactive arthritis, systemic juvenileidiopathic arthritis), chronic-inflammatory bowel disorders (Crohn'sdisease, ulcerative colitis), atopic dermatitis and allergic eczema.

A likewise further embodiment of the invention is the use of thefollowing compounds of the general formula (III):

methyl5-{[(5-fluoro-6-methylpyridin-2-yl)carbonyl]amino}-2-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-2H-indazole-6-carboxylateand methyl2-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-5-({[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-2H-indazole-6-carboxylatefor treatment and/or prophylaxis of autoimmune disorders which aremediated by IRAK4, especially for treatment and/or prophylaxis ofmultiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, arthritis(psoriatic arthritis, Bekhterev's disease, rheumatoid arthritis,reactive arthritis, systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis),chronic-inflammatory bowel disorders (Crohn's disease, ulcerativecolitis), atopic dermatitis and allergic eczema.

The compounds of the general formula (III) are inhibitors ofinterleukin-1 receptor associated kinase-4 (IRAK4).

The compounds of the general formula (I) act as inhibitors of IRAK4kinase and have an unforeseeable useful pharmacological activityspectrum.

Thus, in addition to the subject matter mentioned above, the presentinvention also provides the use of the compounds of the general formula(I) for treatment and/or prophylaxis of diseases in man and animals.

Treatment and/or prophylaxis of autoimmune disorders, such asinflammatory nervous disorders (MS), inflammatory joint disorders(various forms of arthritis), inflammatory skin disorders (psoriasis,atopic dermatitis and allergic eczema), inflammatory bowel disorders(IBD) and multi-organ disorders (SLE) with the inventive IRAK4inhibitors is particularly preferred.

The compounds of the general formula (I) are suitable for prophylaxisand/or treatment of various disorders and disease-related states,especially disorders mediated by TLR (except for TLR3) and/or the IL-1receptor family and/or disorders whose pathology is mediated directly byIRAK4. IRAK4-associated disorders include multiple sclerosis, arthritis(psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Bekhterev's disease,reactive arthritis, systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis), gout,Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, systematic lupus erythematosus,chronic-inflammatory bowel disorders (Crohn's disease, ulcerativecolitis), psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and allergic eczema.

The compounds of the general formula (I) can also be used forprophylaxis and/or treatment of disorders mediated by MyD88 and TLR(except for TLR3). This includes multiple sclerosis, rheumatoidarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, systemic juvenileidiopathic arthritis, Bekhterev's disease, systemic lupus erythematosus,osteoarthritis, Sjögren syndrome, giant cell arteritis, sepsis, poly-and dermatomyositis, skin disorders such as psoriasis, atopicdermatitis, alopecia areata, allergic eczema, acne inversa and acnevulgaris, chronic-inflammatory bowel disorders such as Crohn's diseaseand ulcerative colitis.

Because of the mechanism of action of the inventive compounds of thegeneral formula (I), they are suitable for prophylaxis and/or treatmentof the TLR-mediated disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriaticarthritis, reactive arthritis, systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis,Bekhterev's disease, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, systemic lupuserythematosus, Behçet's disease, gout. In addition, the inventivecompounds of the general formula (I) are suitable for prophylaxis and/ortreatment in the case of multiple sclerosis, adult-onset Still'sdisease, allergic eczema and chronic inflammatory bowel disorders, suchas ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.

The prophylaxis and/or treatment of pruritus and pain, especially ofacute, chronic, inflammatory and neuropathic pain, is also provided bythe compounds of the general formula (I).

Moreover, the compounds of the general formula (I) are suitable for thetreatment and/or prevention of disorders mediated via the IL-1 receptorfamily. These disorders include CAPS (cryopyrin-associated periodicsyndromes) including FCAS (familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome), MWS(Muckle-Wells syndrome), NOMID (neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatorydisease) and CONCA (chronic infantile, neurological, cutaneous, andarticular) syndrome, FMF (familial mediterranean fever), HIDS (hyper-IgDsyndrome), TRAPS (tumour necrosis factor receptor 1-associated periodicsyndrome), juvenile idiopathic arthritis, adult-onset Still's disease,gout, Adamantiades-Behçet's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis,arthritis, Bekhterev's disease, reactive arthritis, systematic juvenileidiopathic arthritis, osteoarthritis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca andSjögren syndrome, multiple sclerosis, systematic lupus erythematosus,alopecia areata, type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus andthe sequelae of myocardial infarction. Pulmonary disorders such asasthma, COPD, idiopathic interstitial pneumonia and ARDS,chronic-inflammatory bowel disorders such as Crohn's disease andulcerative colitis are associated with dysregulation of the IL-1receptor family and are suitable for therapeutic and/or prophylactic useof the compounds of the general formula (I).

The compounds of the general formula (I) can also be used for treatmentand/or prevention of IL-1 receptor family-mediated neurologicaldisorders such as multiple sclerosis and dermatological disorders suchas psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, acne inversa, alopecia areata andallergic contact dermatitis.

In addition, the compounds of the general formula (I) are suitable forthe treatment and/or prophylaxis of pain disorders, especially of acute,chronic, inflammatory and neuropathic pain. This preferably includeshyperalgesia, allodynia, pain from arthritis (such as osteoarthritis,rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, Bekhterev's disease andreactive arthritis, systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis),post-operative pain, pain caused by spinal cord injuries,inflammation-induced pain, lower back pain and chronic pain.

The present invention further also provides a method for treatmentand/or prevention of disorders, especially the disorders mentionedabove, using an effective amount of at least one of the compounds of thegeneral formula (I).

In the context of the present invention, the term “treatment” or“treating” includes inhibition, retardation, checking, alleviating,attenuating, restricting, reducing, suppressing, repelling or healing ofa disease, a condition, a disorder, an injury or a health problem, orthe development, the course or the progression of such states and/or thesymptoms of such states. The term “therapy” is understood here to besynonymous with the term “treatment”.

The terms “prevention”, “prophylaxis” and “preclusion” are usedsynonymously in the context of the present invention and refer to theavoidance or reduction of the risk of contracting, experiencing,suffering from or having a disease, a condition, a disorder, an injuryor a health problem, or a development or advancement of such statesand/or the symptoms of such states.

With reference to autoimmune disorders mediated by IRAK4, for thepurpose of the present invention “prevention”, “prophylaxis” or“preclusion” is to be understood as meaning a maintenance therapy afterremission of the disorder for preventing a recidivism (relapse). Thismeans that a new acute inflammatory episode can be prevented or at leastdelayed.

“Remission of a disorder” is to be understood as meaning temporary orpermanent ceasing of disease symptoms of a physical or psychic naturebut without achieving permanent recovery.

“Recidivism” or “relapse” is to be understood as meaning thereoccurrence of a disease or its symptoms after a treatment which wastemporarily successful, or after spontaneous remission.

The treatment or prevention of a disease, a condition, a disorder, aninjury or a health problem may be partial or complete.

The compounds of the general formula (I) can be used alone or, ifrequired, in combination with other active ingredients. The presentinvention further provides medicaments containing at least one of thecompounds of the general formula (I) and one or more further activeingredients, especially for treatment and/or prevention of theabovementioned disorders. Preferred examples of active ingredientssuitable for combinations include:

General mention may be made of active ingredients such as antibacterial(e.g. penicillins, vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, mupirocin), antiviral(e.g. aciclovir, oseltamivir) and antimycotic (e.g. naftifin, nystatin)substances, gamma globulins, immunomodulatory and immunosuppressivecompounds such as cyclosporine, Methotrexat®, TNF blockers (e.g.Humira®, etanercept, infliximab, golimumab and certolizumab pegol), IL-1inhibitors (e.g. anakinra, canakinumab, rilonacept), phosphodiesteraseinhibitors (e.g. apremilast), Jak/STAT in general (e.g. tofacitinib,baricitinib, GLPG0634), leflunomide, fingolimod, teriflunomide, dimethylfumarates (e.g. tecfidera), IL-6 antagonists (Actemra, sarilumab), IL-2inhibitors (e.g. Stelara), glatiramer acetate (e.g. Copaxone, Glatopa),Tysabri, cyclophosphamide, rituximab, belimumab, calcineurin inhibitors(e.g. tacrolimus), rapamycin, mycophenolate mofetil, interferons (e.g.betaferon), corticosteroids/glucocorticoids (e.g. prednisone,prednisolone, dexamethasone, methylprednisolone, hydrocortisone,betamethasone), cyclophosphamide, azathioprine and sulfasalazine;paracetamol, antihistamines (e.g. azelastine in Allergodil®, hydroxyzinein Atarax®, clemastine in Tavegil®), non-steroidal anti-inflammatorysubstances (NSAIDS) (aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, etodolac, celecoxib,colchicine).

In addition to those mentioned above, the inventive IRAK4 inhibitors canalso be combined with the following active ingredients:

6-mercaptopurine, ACE inhibitors (e.g. benazepril), acetylcholinesteraseinhibitors (e.g. donepezil), angiotensin receptor blockers (e.g.losartan, valsartan), anion exchangers (e.g. colestyramin, colestipol,colesevelam), antibiotics such as, for example, ciprofloxacin andmetronidazol, anti-CD3 antibodies, anticholinergics (e.g.glycopyrronium), antidiabetics such as, for example, metformin,antidiarrheal drugs such as, for example, loperamide or laxatives(bisacodyl), anticonvulsive drugs (e.g. gabapentin); anti-T-lymphocyteglobulin/antilymphocyte globulin, apremilast, azathioprine, basiliximab,belimumab, beta-2 sympathomimetics (e.g. salbutamol), beta-blockers(e.g. metoprolol), beta-interferon (IFN-beta) (e.g. IFN beta-1b, IFNbeta-1a Avonex® and Betaferon®), biologics for B cell and T cell therapy(e.g. rituximab, abatacept), calcineurine inhibitors (e.g. tacrolimus),calcium channel blockers (e.g. nifedipine), chloroquin, cortisone,cyclophosphamide, cyclosporin, daclizumab, dithranol, diuretics (e.g.hydrochlorothiazide), DPP-4 (dipeptidylpeptidase 4) inhibitors (e.g.linagliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin, vildagliptin), ezetimib, statins(e.g. simvastatin, fluvastatin), fibrates (e.g. bezafibrate, etofibrate,fenofibrate, gemfibrozil), fingolimod, fumarates (dimethyl fumarates),glatiramer acetate, glinides (e.g. nateglinide), glucocorticoids, urea,hydroxychloroquine, IgE antibodies, immunoglobulines, immunosuppressivedrugs such as mitoxantrone, azathioprine and cyclophosphamide, incretinmimetics (hormone glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)- andglucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)-analogues/agonists) (e.g. exenatide,liraglutide, lixisenatide), insulin sensitizers (e.g. pioglitazone) andinsulin therapy (e.g. NPH insulin, insulin lispro), interferons,integrin antibodies (e.g. vedolizumab, natalizumab), Jak/STAT inhibitors(e.g. tofacitinib, baricitinib, GLPG0634), cortisol-containingpreparations, leukotriene receptor antagonists (e.g. montelukast),leflunomide, MAO (monoaminooxidase) inhibitors (e.g. selegiline),mesalazine, methotrexate, methylxanthines (e.g. theophylline),natalizumab, nicotinic acid derivatives (e.g. nicotinicacid/laropiprant), PDE-4 (phosphodiesterase type 4) inhibitors (e.g.roflumilast), phototherapy, probiotic bacteria (Mutaflor, VSL #3®,Lactobacillus GG, Lactobacillus plantarum, L. acidophilus, L. casei,Bifidobacterium infantis 35624, Enterococcus fecium SF68,Bifidobacterium longum, Escherichia coli Nissle 1917), rapamycin,retinoid, rituximab, salicylic acid, secukinumab, SGLT2 (sodium/glucosecotransporter 2) inhibitors/gliflozin (e.g. dapagliflozin,empagliflozin), statins (e.g. simvastatin, fluvastatin), sulfasalazine,sulfonyl ureas (e.g. glibenclamide, tolbutamide), teriflunomide,tocilizumab, topic steroids, ustekinumab, vedolizumab, vitamin D3analogues such as, for example, calcipotriol, tacalcitol or calcitriol;cell division inhibitors (e.g. azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil,mycophenolic acid, everolimus or sirolimus) and α-glucosidase inhibitors(e.g. acarbose, miglitol, voglibiose).

Mention should also be made of medicaments comprising at least one ofthe compounds of the general formula (I) and one or more further activeingredients, especially EP4 inhibitors (prostaglandin E2 receptor 4inhibitors), P2X3 inhibitors (P2X purinoceptor 3), PTGES inhibitors(prostaglandin E synthase inhibitors), P2X4 inhibitors (P2X purinoceptor4), MKNK1/2 inhibitors (MAP kinase-interacting serine/threonine-proteinkinase 1/2) or AKR1C3 inhibitors (aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3inhibitors), for treatment and/or prevention of the aforementioneddisorders.

The compounds of the general formula (I) can act systemically and/orlocally. For this purpose, they can be administered in a suitablemanner, for example by the oral, parenteral, subcutaneous,intraarticular, pulmonal, nasal, sublingual, lingual, buccal, rectal,dermal, transdermal or conjunctival route, via the ear or as an implantor stent.

The compounds of the general formula (I) can be administered inadministration forms suitable for these administration routes.

Suitable administration forms for oral administration are those whichwork according to the prior art and release the compounds of the generalformula (I) rapidly and/or in a modified manner and which contain thecompounds of the general formula (I) in crystalline and/or amorphousand/or dissolved form, for example tablets (uncoated or coated tablets,for example with gastric juice-resistant or retarded-dissolution orinsoluble coatings which control the release of the inventive compound),tablets or films/oblates which disintegrate rapidly in the oral cavity,films/lyophilizates, capsules (for example hard or soft gelatincapsules), sugar-coated tablets, granules, pellets, powders, emulsions,suspensions, aerosols or solutions.

Parenteral administration can be accomplished with avoidance of aresorption step (for example by an intravenous, intraarterial,intraarticular, intracardiac, intraspinal or intralumbar route) or withinclusion of a resorption (for example by an intramuscular,subcutaneous, intracutaneous, percutaneous or intraperitoneal route).Administration forms suitable for parenteral administration includepreparations for injection and infusion in the form of solutions,suspensions, emulsions, lyophilizates or sterile powders.

For the other administration routes, suitable examples are inhalablemedicament forms (including powder inhalers, nebulizers), nasal drops,solutions or sprays, tablets, films/oblates or capsules for lingual,sublingual or buccal administration, suppositories, ear or eyepreparations, aqueous suspensions (lotions, shaking mixtures),lipophilic suspensions, ointments, creams, transdermal therapeuticsystems (e.g. patches), milk, pastes, foams, sprinkling powders,implants or stents.

Preference is given to oral or parenteral administration, especiallyoral administration.

The compounds of the general formula (I) can be converted to theadministration forms mentioned. This can be accomplished in a mannerknown per se by mixing with inert, nontoxic, pharmaceutically suitableexcipients. These excipients include carriers (for examplemicrocrystalline cellulose, lactose, mannitol), solvents (e.g. liquidpolyethylene glycols), emulsifiers and dispersing or wetting agents (forexample sodium dodecylsulphate, polyoxysorbitan oleate), binders (forexample polyvinylpyrrolidone), synthetic and natural polymers (forexample albumin), stabilizers (e.g. antioxidants, for example ascorbicacid), colorants (e.g. inorganic pigments, for example iron oxides) andflavour and/or odour correctants.

The present invention further provides medicaments which comprise atleast one inventive compound, typically together with one or more inert,nontoxic, pharmaceutically suitable excipients, and the use thereof forthe aforementioned purposes.

In general, it has been found to be advantageous in the case ofparenteral administration to administer amounts of about 0.001 to 1mg/kg, preferably about 0.01 to 0.5 mg/kg, of body weight to achieveeffective results. In the case of oral administration the dosage isabout 0.01 to 100 mg/kg, preferably about 0.01 to 20 mg/kg and mostpreferably 0.1 to 10 mg/kg of body weight.

It may nevertheless be necessary in some cases to deviate from thestated amounts, specifically as a function of the body weight, route ofadministration, individual response to the active ingredient, nature ofthe preparation and time or interval over which administration takesplace. Thus in some cases it may be sufficient to manage with less thanthe abovementioned minimum amount, while in other cases the upper limitmentioned must be exceeded. In the case of administration of greateramounts, it may be advisable to divide them into several individualdoses over the day.

The working examples which follow illustrate the invention. Theinvention is not restricted to the examples.

Unless stated otherwise, the percentages in the tests and examples whichfollow are percentages by weight; parts are parts by weight. Solventratios, dilution ratios and concentration data for the liquid/liquidsolutions are based in each case on volume.

Preparation of the Compounds of the General Formula (I)

The compounds which are described in the present application, and thepreparation thereof, are presented in the as-yet unpublished applicationPCT/EP2015/077596.

The preparation of the compounds of the general formula (I) isillustrated by the synthesis schemes which follow.

Starting materials used for synthesis of the compounds of the generalformula (I) are carboxylic acids (Intermediate V3), which arecommercially available or can be prepared by routes known from theliterature or analogously to routes known from the literature (see, forexample, European Journal of Organic Chemistry 2003, 8, 1559-1568,Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 1990, 38, 9, 2446-2458, SyntheticCommunications 2012, 42, 658-666, Tetrahedron, 2004, 60, 51,11869-11874) (see, for example, Synthesis Scheme 1). Some carboxylicacids V3 can be prepared proceeding from carboxylic esters (IntermediateV2) by hydrolysis (cf., for example, the reaction of ethyl6-(hydroxymethyl)pyridine-2-carboxylate with aqueous sodium hydroxidesolution in methanol, WO200411328) or—in the case of a tert-butylester—by reaction with an acid, for example hydrogen chloride ortrifluoroacetic acid (cf., for example, Dalton Transactions, 2014, 43,19, 7176-7190). The carboxylic acids V3 can also be used in the form oftheir alkali metal salts. The Intermediates V2 can optionally also beprepared from the Intermediates V1 which bear a chlorine, bromine oriodine as substituent X¹ by reaction in a carbon monoxide atmosphere,optionally under elevated pressure, in the presence of a phosphineligand, for example 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane, a palladiumcompound, for example palladium(II) acetate, and a base, for exampletriethylamine, with addition of ethanol or methanol in a solvent, forexample dimethyl sulphoxide (for preparation methods see, for example,WO2012112743, WO 2005082866, Chemical Communications (Cambridge,England), 2003, 15, 1948-1949, WO200661715). The Intermediates VI areeither commercially available or can be prepared by routes known fromthe literature. Illustrative preparation methods are detailed in WO2012061926, European Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2002, 2, 327-330,Synthesis, 2004, 10, 1619-1624, Journal of the American ChemicalSociety, 2013, 135, 32, 12122-12134, Bioorganic and Medicinal ChemistryLetters, 2014, 24, 16, 4039-4043, US2007185058, WO2009117421.

-   X¹ is chlorine, bromine or iodine.-   R^(d) is methyl, ethyl, benzyl or tert-butyl.-   R⁴, R⁵ are each as defined in the general formula (I).

Methyl 5-amino-1H-indazole-6-carboxylate (Intermediate 2) can beobtained proceeding from methyl 1H-indazole-6-carboxylate (Intermediate0) according to Synthesis Scheme 2 by nitration and reduction of thenitro group of Intermediate 1 with hydrogen in the presence of palladiumon charcoal analogously to WO 2008/001883. For preparation of theIntermediates 3 proceeding from Intermediate 2, it is possible to usevarious coupling reagents known from the literature (Amino Acids,Peptides and Proteins in Organic Chemistry, Vol. 3-Building Blocks,Catalysis and Coupling Chemistry, Andrew B. Hughes, Wiley, Chapter12—Peptide-Coupling Reagents, 407-442; Chem. Soc. Rev., 2009, 38, 606).For example, it is possible to use1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride incombination with 1-hydroxy-1H-benzotriazole hydrate (HOBt, WO2012107475;Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2008, 18, 2093),(1H-benzotriazol-1-yloxy)(dimethylamino)-N,N-dimethylmethaniminiumtetrafluoroborate (TBTU, CAS 125700-67-6),(dimethylamino)-N,N-dimethyl(3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-3-yloxy)methanaminiumhexafluorophosphate (HATU, CAS 148893-10-1), propanephosphonic anhydride(as solution in ethyl acetate or DMF, CAS68957-94-8) ordi-H-imidazol-1-ylmethanone (CDI) as coupling reagents, with addition ofa base such as triethylamine or N-ethyl-N-isopropylpropan-2-amine ineach case to the reaction mixture. Preference is given to the use ofTBTU and N-ethyl-N-isopropylpropan-2-amine in THF.

The substituents R⁴, R⁵ are each as defined in the general formula (I).

Proceeding from the Intermediates 3, it is possible to prepare2-substituted indazole derivatives (Intermediate 4) (see synthesisscheme 3). Useful reactions for this purpose include those withoptionally substituted alkyl chlorides, alkyl bromides, alkyl iodides oralkyl 4-methylbenzenesulphonates. The alkyl halides or alkyl4-methylbenzenesulphonates used are commercially available or can beprepared analogously to routes known from literature (for thepreparation of alkyl 4-methylbenzenesulphonates, one example is thereaction of an appropriate alcohol with 4-methylbenzenesulphonylchloride in the presence of triethylamine or pyridine; see, for example,Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, 2006, 14, 12 4277-4294). Optionally,in the case of use of alkyl chlorides or alkyl bromides, it is alsopossible to add an alkali metal iodide such as potassium iodide orsodium iodide. Bases used may, for example, be potassium carbonate,caesium carbonate or sodium hydride. In the case of reactive alkylhalides, it is also possible in some cases to useN-cyclohexyl-N-methylcyclohexanamine. Useful solvents include, forexample, 1-methylpyrrolidin-2-one, DMF, DMSO or THF. Optionally, thealkyl halides or alkyl 4-methylbenzenesulphonates used may havefunctional groups which have optionally been protected with a protectinggroup beforehand (see also P. G. M. Wuts, T. W. Greene, Greene'sProtective Groups in Organic Synthesis, Fourth Edition, ISBN:9780471697541). If, for example, alkyl halides or alkyl4-methylbenzenesulphonates having one or more hydroxyl groups are used,these hydroxyl groups may optionally be protected by atert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl group or a similar silicon-containingprotecting group familiar to those skilled in the art. Alternatively,the hydroxyl groups may also be protected by the tetrahydro-2H-pyran(THP) group or by the acetyl or benzoyl group. The protecting groupsused can then be detached subsequently to the synthesis of Intermediate4, or else after the synthesis of (I). If, for example, atert-butyl(dimethylsilyl) group is used as protecting group, it can bedetached using tetrabutylammonium fluoride in a solvent such as THF, forexample. A THP protecting group can be detached, for example, using4-methylbenzenesulphonic acid (optionally in monohydrate form). Acetylgroups or benzoyl groups can be detached by treatment with aqueoussodium hydroxide solution.

Optionally, the alkyl halides or alkyl 4-methylbenzenesulphonates usedmay contain functional groups which can be converted by oxidation orreduction reactions known to those skilled in the art (see, for example,Science of Synthesis, Georg Thieme Verlag). If, for example, thefunctional group is a sulphide group, this can be oxidized by methodsknown in the literature to a sulphoxide or sulphone group. In the caseof a sulphoxide group, this can likewise be oxidized to a sulphonegroup. For these oxidation steps, it is possible to use, for example,3-chloroperbenzoic acid (CAS 937-14-4) (in this regard, see also, forexample, US201094000 for the oxidation of a2-(methylsulphanyl)ethyl-1H-pyrazole derivative to a2-(methylsulphinyl)ethyl-1H-pyrazole derivative and the oxidation of afurther 2-(methylsulphanyl)ethyl-1H-pyrazole derivative to a2-(methylsulphonyl)ethyl-1H-pyrazole derivative). If the alkyl halidesor tosylates used contain a keto group, this can be reduced by reductionmethods known to those skilled in the art to an alcohol group (see, forexample, Chemische Berichte, 1980, 113, 1907-1920 for the use of sodiumborohydride). These oxidation or reduction steps can be effectedsubsequently to the synthesis of Intermediate 4, or else after thesynthesis of the compounds of the general formula (I). Alternatively,Intermediate 4 can be prepared via Mitsunobu reaction (see, for example,K. C. K. Swamy et. al. Chem. Rev. 2009, 109, 2551-2651) of Intermediate3 with optionally substituted alkyl alcohols. It is possible to utilizevarious phosphines such as triphenylphosphine, tributylphosphine or1,2-diphenylphosphinoethane in combination with diisopropylazodicarboxylate (CAS 2446-83-5) or further diazene derivativesmentioned in the literature (K. C. K. Swamy et. al. Chem. Rev. 2009,109, 2551-2651). Preference is given to the use of triphenylphosphineand diisopropyl azodicarboxylate. If the alkyl alcohol bears afunctional group it is possible—as in the case of the abovementionedreactions with alkyl halides—for known protecting group strategies(further pointers can be found in P. G. M. Wuts, T. W. Greene, Greene'sProtective Groups in Organic Synthesis, Fourth Edition, ISBN:9780471697541) and—as in the case of the abovementioned reactions withalkyl halides—for oxidation or reduction steps to be effectedcorrespondingly to the synthesis of Intermediate 4, or else after thesynthesis of the compounds of the general formula (I). Proceeding fromIntermediate 4, inventive compounds of the general formula (I) where R²and R³ are defined as C₁-C₆-alkyl (where R² and R³ have the samedefinition) may be obtained by a Grignard reaction (cf., for example,the reaction of a methyl 1H-indazole-6-carboxylate derivative withmethylmagnesium bromide in EP 2489663). For the Grignard reaction, it ispossible to use alkylmagnesium halides. Particular preference is givento methylmagnesium chloride or methylmagnesium bromide in THF or diethylether, or else in mixtures of THF and diethyl ether. Alternatively,proceeding from Intermediate 4, compounds of the general formula (I)where R² and R³ are defined as C₁-C₆-alkyl (where R² and R³ have thesame definition) may be obtained by a reaction with an alkyllithiumreagent (cf., for example, the reaction of a methyl2-amino-4-chloro-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylate derivative withisopropyllithium or tert-butyllithium in WO2006116412). Proceeding fromIntermediate 4, it is possible to prepare compounds of the generalformula (I) where R² and R³ are defined as H by reduction with lithiumaluminium hydride in THF, lithium borohydride in THF or sodiumborohydride in THF, optionally with addition of methanol, or mixtures oflithium borohydride and sodium borohydride.

The substituents R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R are each as defined in the generalformula (I).

Proceeding from Intermediate 3, Intermediate 5 where R² and R³ aredefined as C₁-C₆-alkyl (where R² and R³ have the same definition) may beobtained by a Grignard reaction (cf., for example, Synthesis Scheme 4).For this purpose, it is possible to use suitable alkylmagnesium halides,for example methylmagnesium chloride or methylmagnesium bromide in THFor in diethyl ether or else in mixtures of THF and diethyl ether.

Proceeding from Intermediate 5, it is then possible to prepare a portion(I-a) of the compounds of the general formula (I) where R² and R³ aredefined as C₁-C₆-alkyl (where R² and R³ have the same definition). Forthis purpose, analogously to Synthesis Scheme 3 (preparation ofIntermediate 3), useful reactions are those of Intermediate 5 withoptionally substituted alkyl chlorides, alkyl bromides, alkyl iodides oralkyl 4-methylbenzenesulphonates. It is possible to use protecting groupstrategies analogously to those described in Synthesis Scheme 3.

Alternatively, for preparation of a portion (I-a) of the compounds ofgeneral formula (I) where R² and R³ are defined as C₁-C₆-alkyl (where R²and R³ have the same definition), it is possible to use the Mitsunobureaction of Intermediate 5 with optionally substituted alkyl alcohols(analogously to Synthesis Scheme 3).

If R¹ in the compounds of the formula (I-a) includes a suitablefunctional group, it is optionally possible subsequently, in analogy toSynthesis Scheme 3, to use oxidation or reduction reactions forpreparation of further inventive compounds.

The substituents R¹, R⁴, R⁵ are each as defined in the general formula(I). R² and R³ always have the same definition and are both C₁-C₆-alkyl.

Proceeding from Intermediate 1, it is possible to prepare Intermediate 4in an alternative manner (see Synthesis Scheme 5). First of all,Intermediate 1 is converted to Intermediate 6 by methods as in SynthesisScheme 3 (preparation of Intermediate 4 from Intermediate 3).

Intermediate 6 can then be converted to Intermediate 7 by reduction ofthe nitro group. For example, the nitro group can be reduced withpalladium on carbon under a hydrogen atmosphere (cf., for example,WO2013174744 for the reduction of 6-isopropoxy-5-nitro-1H-indazole to6-isopropoxy-1H-indazol-5-amine) or by the use of iron and ammoniumchloride in water and ethanol (see, for example, also Journal of theChemical Society, 1955, 2412-2419), or by the use of tin(II) chloride(CAS 7772-99-8). The use of iron and ammonium chloride in water andethanol is preferred. The preparation of Intermediate 4 fromIntermediate 7 can be effected analogously to Synthesis Scheme 2(preparation of Intermediate 3 from Intermediate 2).

As described for Synthesis Scheme 3, it is optionally possible to useprotecting group strategies in the case of Synthesis Scheme 5 as well.Optionally, it is additionally possible, proceeding from Intermediate 6or Intermediate 7, as described for Synthesis Scheme 3, to conductoxidation or reduction reactions known to those skilled in the art (cf.,for example Science of Synthesis, Georg Thieme Verlag).

The substituents R¹, R⁴, R⁵ are each as defined in the general formula(I).

Synthesis of the Example Compounds Abbreviations and Elucidations

DMF N,N-dimethylformamide DMSO dimethyl sulphoxide THF tetrahydrofuranRT room temperature HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography hhour(s) HCOOH formic acid MeCN acetonitrile min minute(s) UPLCultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography DAD diode array detectorELSD evaporating light scattering detector ESI electrospray ionizationSQD single quadrupole detector CPG core-pulled precision glass NH₃ammonia

The term sodium chloride solution always means a saturated aqueoussodium chloride solution.

The chemical names of the intermediates and examples were generatedusing the ACD/LABS (Batch Version 12.01.) software.

Methods

In some cases, the compounds of the general formula (I) and precursorsand/or intermediates thereof were analysed by LC-MS.

Method A1: UPLC (MeCN—HCOOH):

Instrument: Waters Acquity UPLC-MS SQD 3001; column: Acquity UPLC BEHC18 1.7 50×2.1 mm; eluent A: water+0.1% by vol. of formic acid (99%),eluent B: acetonitrile; gradient: 0-1.6 min 1-99% B, 1.6-2.0 min 99% B;flow rate 0.8 ml/min; temperature: 60° C.; injection: 2 μl; DAD scan:210-400 nm; MS ESI+, ESI−, scan range 160-1000 m/z; ELSD.

Method A2: UPLC (MeCN—NH₃):

Instrument: Waters Acquity UPLC-MS SQD 3001; column: Acquity UPLC BEHC18 1.7 50×2.1 mm; eluent A: water+0.2% by vol. of ammonia (32%), eluentB: acetonitrile; gradient: 0-1.6 min 1-99% B, 1.6-2.0 min 99% B; flowrate 0.8 ml/min; temperature: 60° C.; injection: 2 μl; DAD scan: 210-400nm; MS ESI+, ESI−, scan range 160-1000 m/z; ELSD.

Method A3: (LC-MS)

Instrument: Agilent 1290 Infinity LC; column: Acquity UPLC BEH C18 1.750×2.1 mm; eluent A: water+0.05% by vol. of formic acid, eluent B:acetonitrile+0.05% by vol. of formic acid; gradient: 0-1.7 min 2-90% B,1.7-2.0 min 90% B; flow rate 1.2 ml/min; temperature: 60° C.; injection:2 μl; DAD scan: 190-390 nm; MS: Agilent TOF 6230.

Method A4: (LC-MS)

Instrument: Waters Acquity; column: Kinetex (Phenomenex), 50×2 mm;eluent A: water+0.05% by vol. of formic acid, eluent B:acetonitrile+0.05% by vol. of formic acid; gradient: 0-1.9 min 1-99% B,1.9-2.1 min 99% B; flow rate 1.5 ml/min; temperature: 60° C.; injection:0.5 μl; DAD scan: 200-400 nm.

In some cases, the compounds of the general formula (I) and theprecursors and/or intermediates thereof were purified by the followingillustrative preparative HPLC methods:

Method P1:

system: Waters Autopurification system: Pump 2545, Sample Manager 2767,CFO, DAD 2996, ELSD 2424, SQD; column: XBridge C18 5 μm 100×30 mm;eluent A: water+0.1% by vol. of formic acid, eluent B: acetonitrile;gradient: 0-8 min 10-100% B, 8-10 min 100% B; flow: 50 ml/min;temperature: room temperature; solution: max. 250 mg/max. 2.5 ml DMSO orDMF; injection: 1×2.5 ml; detection: DAD scan range 210-400 nm; MS ESI+,ESI−, scan range 160-1000 m/z.

Method P2:

system: Waters Autopurification system: Pump 254, Sample Manager 2767,CFO, DAD 2996, ELSD 2424, SQD 3100; column: XBridge C18 5 μm 10×30 mm;eluent A: water+0.2% by vol. of ammonia (32%), eluent B: methanol;gradient: 0-8 min 30-70% B; flow: 50 ml/min; temperature: roomtemperature; detection: DAD scan range 210-400 nm; MS ESI+, ESI−, scanrange 160-1000 m/z; ELSD.

Method P3:

system: Labomatic, pump: HD-5000, fraction collector: LABOCOLVario-4000, UV detector: Knauer UVD 2.1S; column: XBridge C18 5 μm100×30 mm; eluent A: water+0.2% by vol. of ammonia (25%), eluent B:acetonitrile; gradient: 0-1 min 15% B, 1-6.3 min 15-55% B, 6.3-6.4 min55-100% B, 6.4-7.4 min 100% B; flow: 60 ml/min; temperature: roomtemperature; solution: max. 250 mg/2 ml DMSO; injection: 2×2 ml;detection: UV 218 nm; Software: SCPA PrepCon5.

Method P4:

system: Labomatic, pump: HD-5000, fraction collector: LABOCOLVario-4000, UV detector: Knauer UVD 2.1S; column: Chromatorex RP C18 10μm 125×30 mm; eluent A: water+0.1% by vol. of formic acid, eluent B:acetonitrile; gradient: 0-15 min 65-100% B; flow: 60 ml/min;temperature: room temperature; solution: max. 250 mg/2 ml DMSO;injection: 2×2 ml; detection: UV 254 nm; Software: SCPA PrepCon5.

Method P5:

system: Sepiatec: Prep SFC100, column: Chiralpak IA 5 μm 250×20 mm;eluent A: carbon dioxide, eluent B: ethanol; gradient: isocratic 20% B;flow: 80 ml/min; temperature: 40° C.; solution: max. 250 mg/2 ml DMSO;injection: 5×0.4 mL; detection: UV 254 nm.

Method P6:

system: Agilent: Prep 1200, 2× prep pump, DLA, MWD, Gilson: LiquidHandler 215; column: Chiralcel OJ-H 5 μm 250×20 mm; eluent A: hexane,eluent B: ethanol; gradient: isocratic 30% B; flow: 25 ml/min;temperature: 25° C.; solution: 187 mg/8 ml ethanol/methanol; injection:8×1.0 ml; detection: UV 280 nm.

Method P7:

system: Labomatic, pump: HD-5000, fraction collector: LABOCOLVario-4000, UV detector: Knauer UVD 2.1S; column: XBridge C18 5 μm100×30 mm; eluent A: water+0.1% by vol. of formic acid, eluent B:acetonitrile; gradient: 0-3 min: 65% B isocratic, 3-13 min: 65-100% B;flow: 60 ml/min; temperature: room temperature; solution: max. 250 mg/2ml DMSO; injection: 2×2 ml; detection: UV 254 nm.

Method P8:

system: Agilent: Prep 1200, 2×prep pump, DLA, MWD, Gilson: LiquidHandler 215; column: Chiralpak IF 5 μm 250×20 mm; eluent A: ethanol,eluent B: methanol; gradient: isocratic 50% B; flow: 25 ml/min;temperature: 25° C.; solution: 600 mg/7 ml N,N-dimethylformamide;injection: 10×0.7 ml; detection: UV 254 nm.

In some cases, substance mixtures were purified by column chromatographyon silica gel.

For preparation of some of the compounds of the general formula (I) andthe precursors and/or intermediates thereof, a column chromatographypurification (“flash chromatography”) was conducted on silica gel usingIsolera® devices from Biotage. This was done using cartridges fromBiotage, for example the “SNAP Cartridge, KP_SIL” cartridge of differentsize and “Interchim Puriflash Silica HP 15 UM flash column” cartridgesfrom Interchim of different size.

Starting Materials Intermediate V2-1 Methyl6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)pyridine-2-carboxylate

2.00 g (9.26 mmol) of 2-(6-bromopyridin-2-yl)propan-2-ol (CAS638218-78-7) were dissolved in 20 ml of methanol and 20 ml of DMSO.Subsequently, 250 mg of 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane, 130 mg ofpalladium(II) acetate and 3 ml of triethylamine were added. The reactionmixture was purged three times with carbon monoxide at room temperatureand stirred under a 13 bar carbon monoxide atmosphere for 30 min. Thecarbon monoxide atmosphere was removed by applying a vacuum and themixture was stirred under a 14 bar carbon monoxide atmosphere at 100° C.for 24 h. The autoclave was decompressed, water was added to thereaction mixture, and the reaction mixture was extracted three timeswith ethyl acetate, washed with saturated aqueous sodiumhydrogencarbonate solution and sodium chloride solution, filteredthrough a hydrophobic filter and concentrated. This gave 1.60 g of acrude product.

UPLC-MS (Method A1): R_(t)=0.76 min (UV detector: TIC), mass found195.00.

Intermediate V3-1 Potassium6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)pyridine-2-carboxylate

1.60 g of the crude product of Intermediate 0-1 were initially chargedin 15 ml of methanol, 0.74 g of potassium hydroxide was added and themixture was stirred at 50° C. for 16.5 h. After concentration, this gave2.1 g of a residue which was used without further purification. UPLC-MS(Method A1): R_(t)=0.47 min (UV detector: TIC), mass found 181.00.

Intermediate 1-1 Methyl 5-nitro-1H-indazole-6-carboxylate

4.60 g (26.1 mmol) of methyl 1H-indazole-6-carboxylate (CAS No:170487-40-8) were dissolved in 120 ml of sulphuric acid (96%) and cooledto −15° C. in a three-neck flask having a CPG stirrer, dropping funneland internal thermometer. Over a period of 15 min, the nitrating acid(10 ml of 96% sulphuric acid in 5 ml of 65% nitric acid), which had beenprepared and cooled beforehand, was added dropwise to this solution.After the dropwise addition had ended, the mixture was stirred for afurther 1 h (internal temperature at −13° C.). The reaction mixture wasadded to ice, and the precipitate was filtered off with suction, washedwith water and dried in a drying cabinet at 50° C. under reducedpressure. 5.49 g of the title compound were obtained.

UPLC-MS (Method A2): R_(t)=0.75 min

MS (ESIpos): m/z=222 (M+H)⁺

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ [ppm]=3.87 (s, 3H), 7.96 (s, 1H), 8.44 (s,1H), 8.70 (s, 1H), 13.98 (br. s., 1H).

Intermediate 2-1 Methyl 5-amino-1H-indazole-6-carboxylate

4.40 g (19.8 mmol) of methyl 5-nitro-H-indazole-6-carboxylate(Intermediate 1-1) were dissolved in 236 ml of methanol and hydrogenatedwith 1.06 g (0.99 mmol) of palladium on activated carbon under standardhydrogen pressure at 25° C. for 3 h. The reaction mixture was filteredthrough Celite, the filter was washed with methanol, and the filtratewas concentrated. 3.53 g of the title compound were obtained.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ [ppm]=3.85 (s, 3H) 6.01 (s, 2H) 6.98 (s,1H) 7.79-7.91 (m, 1H) 7.99 (s, 1H) 12.84 (br. s., 1H).

Intermediate 3-1 Methyl5-({[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-1H-indazole-6-carboxylate

4.95 g (25.9 mmol) of 6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxylic acid wereinitially charged in 45 ml of THF. 9.07 g (28.2 mmol) ofO-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate and4.92 ml (28.2 mmol) of N-ethyl-N-isopropylpropan-2-amine were added andthe mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 30 min. Subsequently, 4.50 g (23.5mmol) of methyl 5-amino-1H-indazole-6-carboxylate (Intermediate 2-1)were added and the mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 24 h. The reactionmixture was filtered with suction through a membrane filter and thesolids were washed with THF and with water, and dried in a dryingcabinet overnight. 7.60 g of the title compound were obtained.

UPLC-MS (Method A2): R_(t)=1.16 min

MS (ESIpos): m/z=365 (M+H)⁺

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ [ppm]=3.97 (s, 3H), 8.13-8.27 (m, 2H), 8.30(s, 1H), 8.33-8.45 (m, 1H), 8.45-8.51 (m, 1H), 9.15 (s, 1H), 12.57 (s,1H), 13.44 (s, 1H).

Intermediate 3-2 Methyl5-({[6-(difluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-1H-indazole-6-carboxylate

2.85 g (23.5 mmol) of 6-(difluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxylic acid wereinitially charged in 30 ml of THF. 6.05 g (18.8 mmol) ofO-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate and3.3 ml of N-ethyl-N-isopropylpropan-2-amine were added and the mixturewas stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. Subsequently, 3.00 g(15.7 mmol) of methyl 5-amino-1H-indazole-6-carboxylate were added andthe mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reactionmixture was admixed with water, and the precipitate was filtered offwith suction and washed repeatedly with water and dichloromethane. Thisgave 1.53 g (27% of theory) of the title compound. The phases of thefiltrate were separated, the organic phase was concentrated, admixedwith a little dichloromethane and suspended in an ultrasound bath, andthe precipitate was filtered off with suction. This gave a further 1.03g of the title compound.

1H-NMR (first product fraction, 300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ [ppm]=3.99 (s, 3H),7.09 (t, 1H), 8.00 (d, 1H), 8.21-8.40 (m, 4H), 9.14 (s, 1H), 12.53 (s,1H), 13.44 (s, 1H).

Intermediate 3-3 Methyl5-({[6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-1H-indazole-6-carboxylate

2.10 g of potassium 6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)pyridine-2-carboxylate(Intermediate V3-1) were initially charged in 15 ml of THF. 3.69 g (11.5mmol) of O-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluroniumtetrafluoroborate and 2.00 ml of N-ethyl-N-isopropylpropan-2-amine wereadded and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 min.Subsequently, 1.83 g (9.58 mmol) of methyl5-amino-1H-indazole-6-carboxylate (Intermediate 2-1) were added and themixture was stirred at room temperature for 19 h. The mixture wasadmixed with water and ethyl acetate, the undissolved solids werefiltered off, the phases of the filtrate were separated, and the aqueousphase was extracted twice with ethyl acetate, washed with sodiumchloride solution, filtered through a hydrophobic filter, concentratedand purified by column chromatography on silica gel (hexane/ethylacetate). After the solvents had been removed, 1.56 g of the titlecompound were obtained as a yellow foam.

UPLC-MS (Method A1): R_(t)=1.00 min (UV detector: TIC Smooth), massfound 354.00. 1H-NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ [ppm]=1.63 (s, 6H), 3.97 (s,3H), 5.37 (s, 1H), 7.90-7.95 (m, 1H), 8.03-8.07 (m, 2H), 8.23 (s, 1H),8.29 (s, 1H), 9.19 (s, 1H), 12.79 (s, 1H), 13.41 (br.s., 1H).

Intermediate 4-1 Methyl2-(oxetan-3-ylmethyl)-5-({[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-2H-indazole-6-carboxylate

1.00 g (2.66 mmol) of methyl5-({[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-1H-indazole-6-carboxylate(Intermediate 3-1) was dissolved in 10 ml of DMF and, after addition of1.10 g (7.99 mmol) of potassium carbonate and 221 mg (1.33 mmol) ofpotassium iodide, the mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 30 min. 603 mg(3.99 mmol) of 3-bromomethyloxetane were added, and the mixture wasstirred at 25° C. for 24 h. The reaction mixture was partitioned betweenwater and ethyl acetate. The mixture was extracted twice with ethylacetate, and the combined organic phases were filtered through ahydrophobic filter and concentrated. The residue was purified by columnchromatography on silica gel (hexane/ethyl acetate). 260 mg of the titlecompound were obtained.

UPLC-MS (Method A2): R_(t)=1.24 min

MS (ESIpos): m/z=435 (M+H)⁺

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ [ppm]=3.49-3.64 (m, 1H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 4.49(t, 2H), 4.68 (dd, 2H), 4.81 (d, 2H), 8.20 (dd, 1H), 8.35-8.41 (m, 1H),8.43-8.49 (m, 2H), 8.55-8.58 (m, 1H), 9.06 (s, 1H), 12.53 (s, 1H).

Intermediate 4-2 Methyl2-(2-methoxyethyl)-5-({[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-2H-indazole-6-carboxylate

1.00 g (2.75 mmol) of methyl5-({[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-1H-indazole-6-carboxylate(Intermediate 3-1) was dissolved in 5 ml of DMF, and 387 μl (4.12 mmol)of 2-bromoethyl methyl ether, 1.14 g (8.23 mmol) of potassium carbonateand 228 mg (1.37 mmol) of potassium iodide were added while stirring.The reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 24 h, diluted with waterand extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phases werefiltered through a hydrophobic filter and concentrated. The residue waspurified by column chromatography on silica gel (hexane/ethyl acetate).12 mg of the title compound were obtained.

UPLC-MS (Method A1): R_(t)=1.24 min

MS (ESIpos): m/z=423 (M+H)⁺

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ [ppm]=3.24 (s, 3H), 3.86 (t, 2H), 3.96 (s,3H), 4.65 (t, 2H), 8.21 (dd, 1H), 8.35-8.42 (m, 1H), 8.43-8.51 (m, 2H),8.52 (d, 1H), 9.06 (s, 1H), 12.53 (s, 1H).

Intermediate 4-3 Methyl2-(3-methoxypropyl)-5-({[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-2H-indazole-6-carboxylate

1.00 g (2.75 mmol) of methyl5-({[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-1H-indazole-6-carboxylate(Intermediate 3-1) was dissolved in 5 ml of DMF, and 460 μl (4.12 mmol)of 1-bromo-3-methoxypropane, 1.14 g (8.23 mmol) of potassium carbonateand 228 mg (1.37 mmol) of potassium iodide were added while stirring.The reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 72 h, diluted with waterand extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phases werefiltered through a hydrophobic filter and concentrated. The residue waspurified by column chromatography on silica gel (hexane/ethyl acetate).28 mg of the title compound were obtained.

UPLC-MS (Method A1): R_(t)=1.29 min

MS (ESIpos): m/z=437 (M+H)⁺

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ [ppm]=2.17 (quin, 2H), 3.24 (s, 3H),3.33-3.36 (m, 2H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 4.53 (t, 2H), 8.21 (dd, 1H), 8.35-8.42(m, 1H), 8.45-8.49 (m, 2H), 8.54 (d, 1H), 9.06 (s, 1H), 12.54 (s, 1H).

Intermediate 4-4 Methyl2-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-5-({[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-2H-indazole-6-carboxylatePreparation Method 1

930 mg (2.55 mmol) of methyl5-({[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-1H-indazole-6-carboxylate(Intermediate 3-1), 1.06 g of potassium carbonate and 212 mg ofpotassium iodide were initially charged in 9 ml of DMF and the mixturewas stirred for 15 min. Then 0.62 ml of 4-bromo-2-methylbutan-2-ol wasadded and the mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 16 h. The mixture wasadmixed with water and extracted twice with ethyl acetate, and theextract was washed three times with saturated sodium chloride solution,filtered and concentrated. Column chromatography purification on silicagel (hexane/ethyl acetate) gave 424 mg of the title compound.

UPLC-MS (Method A2): R_(t)=1.21 min (UV detector: TIC), mass found450.00.

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ [ppm]=1.16 (s, 6H) 2.02-2.11 (m, 2H) 3.96(s, 3H) 4.51-4.60 (m, 3H) 8.20 (dd, J=7.83, 1.01 Hz, 1H) 8.39 (s, 1H)8.45 (s, 2H) 8.55 (d, J=0.76 Hz, 1H) 9.05 (s, 1H) 12.52 (s, 1H)

Preparation Method 2

1.95 g (7.03 mmol) of methyl5-amino-2-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-2H-indazole-6-carboxylate(Intermediate 7-1) were initially charged in 30 ml of THF. 1.48 g (7.73mmol) of 6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxylic acid, 2.71 g (8.44mmol) of O-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluroniumtetrafluoroborate and 1.47 ml (8.44 mmol) ofN-ethyl-N-isopropylpropan-2-amine were added and the mixture was stirredat 25° C. for 20.5 h. Water was added, the mixture was extracted threetimes with ethyl acetate and the extracts were washed with sodiumchloride solution, filtered through a hydrophobic filter andconcentrated. The residue was separated by column chromatography onsilica gel (hexane/ethyl acetate gradient). 2.79 g of the title compoundwere obtained.

UPLC-MS (Method A1): R_(t)=1.23 min (UV detector: TIC), mass found450.00.

Intermediate 4-5 Methyl2-(2-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}ethyl)-5-({[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-2H-indazole-6-carboxylate

1.00 g (2.66 mmol, 97%) of methyl5-({[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-1H-indazole-6-carboxylate(Intermediate 3-1) was initially charged in 50 ml of DMF, 1.10 g (7.99mmol) of potassium carbonate and 221 mg (1.33 mmol) of potassium iodidewere added while stirring, and the mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 30min. Subsequently, 857 μl (3.99 mmol) of(2-bromoethoxy)(tert-butyl)dimethylsilane were added and the mixture wasstirred at 25° C. for 24 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with waterand extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phases werefiltered through a hydrophobic filter and concentrated. The residue waspurified by column chromatography on silica gel (hexane/ethyl acetate).400 mg of the title compound were obtained.

UPLC-MS (Method A1): R_(t)=1.58 min

MS (ESIpos): m/z=523 (M+H)⁺

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ [ppm]=−0.18-−0.13 (m, 6H), 0.74 (s, 9H),3.96 (s, 3H), 4.08 (t, 2H), 4.57 (t, 2H), 8.15-8.25 (m, 1H), 8.32-8.43(m, 1H), 8.43-8.52 (m, 3H), 9.07 (s, 1H), 12.53 (s, 1H).

Intermediate 4-6 Methyl2-(3-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}propyl)-5-({[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-2H-indazole-6-carboxylate

Analogously to Intermediate 4-5, 1.00 g (2.75 mmol) of methyl5-({[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-1H-indazole-6-carboxylate(Intermediate 3-1) was dissolved in 10 ml of DMF, 1.14 g (8.24 mmol) ofpotassium carbonate and 228 mg (1.37 mmol) of potassium iodide wereadded while stirring, and the mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 30 min.Subsequently, 1.04 g (4.12 mmol) of(3-bromopropoxy)(tert-butyl)dimethylsilane were added and the mixturewas stirred at 25° C. for 24 h. The reaction mixture was filtered andthe filtercake was washed with ethyl acetate. The reaction mixture waspartitioned between water and ethyl acetate and the aqueous phase wasextracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phases werefiltered through a hydrophobic filter and concentrated. Purification ofthe residue by preparative HPLC gave 428 mg of the title compound.

UPLC-MS (Method A1): R_(t)=1.63 min

MS (ESIpos): m/z=537 (M+H)⁺

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ [ppm]=−0.02-0.06 (m, 6H), 0.87 (s, 9H),2.14 (quin, 2H), 3.62 (t, 2H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 4.54 (t, 2H), 8.20 (d, 1H),8.35-8.42 (m, 1H), 8.43-8.48 (m, 3H), 8.49-8.53 (m, 1H), 9.06 (s, 1H).

Intermediate 4-7 Methyl5-({[6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-2-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-2H-indazole-6-carboxylate

300 mg (0.80 mmol) of methyl5-({[6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-1H-indazole-6-carboxylate(Intermediate 3-3) were initially charged in 4.5 ml of DMF. 287 mg (1.21mmol) of 1,1,1-trifluoro-4-iodobutane and 333 mg of potassium carbonatewere added and the mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 23 h. Water wasadded, and the mixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. Themixture was concentrated and the product was purified by preparativeHPLC. This gave 72 mg of the title compound.

UPLC-MS (Method A1): R_(t)=1.26 min (UV detector: TIC), mass found464.17.

Intermediate 4-8 Methyl5-{[(5-fluoro-6-methylpyridin-2-yl)carbonyl]amino}-2-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-2H-indazole-6-carboxylate

195 mg (0.46 mmol) of methyl5-amino-2-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-2H-indazole-6-carboxylate(Intermediate 7-1) were reacted with 78 mg (0.50 mmol) of5-fluoro-6-methylpyridine-2-carboxylic acid analogous to Intermediate4-4 (Preparation Method 2) within 19.5 h. 228 mg of a crude product wereobtained after analogous aqueous workup.

UPLC-MS (Method A1): R_(t)=1.20 min (UV detector: TIC), mass found414.00.

Intermediate 4-9 Methyl2-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-5-{[(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)carbonyl]amino}-2H-indazole-6-carboxylate

195 mg (0.45 mmol) of methyl5-amino-2-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-2H-indazole-6-carboxylate(Intermediate 7-1) were reacted with 70 mg (0.50 mmol) of6-methylpyridine-2-carboxylic acid analogously to preparation ofIntermediate 4-4 (Preparation Method 2) within 19.5 h. 278 mg of thetitle compound as crude product were obtained after analogous aqueousworkup.

UPLC-MS (Method A1): R_(t)=1.14 min (UV detector: TIC), mass found396.00.

Intermediate 4-10 Methyl2-[3-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)propyl]-5-({[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-2H-indazole-6-carboxylate

A mixture of 250 mg (0.58 mmol) of methyl5-({[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-1H-indazole-6-carboxylate(Intermediate 3-1), 193 mg (0.88 mmol) of 3-bromopropyl2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether, 242 mg of potassium carbonate and 145 mg ofpotassium iodide in 3 ml of DMF was stirred at 100° C. for 20 h. Waterwas added, the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate and the extractwas washed with sodium chloride solution and concentrated. Purificationby preparative HPLC gave 52 mg of the title compound.

UPLC-MS (Method A1): R_(t)=1.39 min (UV detector: TIC), mass found504.12.

Intermediate 4-11 Methyl5-({[6-(difluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-2-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-2H-indazole-6-carboxylate

2.00 g of methyl5-amino-2-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-2H-indazole-6-carboxylate(Intermediate 7-1) were initially charged in 40 ml of THF. 1.50 g of6-(difluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxylic acid, 2.78 g ofO-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N,N-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate(TBTU, CAS Number 125700-67-6) and 1.5 ml ofN-ethyl-N-isopropylpropan-2-amine were added and the mixture was stirredat RT for 24 h. Water was added, the mixture was extracted three timeswith ethyl acetate, and the combined organic phases were washed withsodium chloride solution and filtered through a hydrophobic filter. Themixture was concentrated and the residue was purified by columnchromatography on silica gel (hexane/ethyl acetate). This gave 3.05 g ofthe title compound as a yellow solid.

UPLC-MS (Method A1): R_(t)=1.15 min (UV detector TIC), mass found432.00.

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ [ppm]=1.17 (s, 6H), 2.04-2.11 (m, 2H), 3.99(s, 3H), 4.52-4.60 (m, 3H), 7.10 (t, 1H), 8.00 (dd, 1H), 8.28-8.38 (m,2H), 8.44-8.47 (m, 1H), 8.56 (d, 1H), 9.05 (s, 1H), 12.49 (s, 1H).

Intermediate 5-1N-[6-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide

To a solution, cooled in an ice-water cooling bath, of 1.50 g (4.12mmol) of methyl5-({[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-1H-indazole-6-carboxylate(Intermediate 3-1) in 20 ml of THF were cautiously added 6.9 ml (5equivalents) of a 3M methylmagnesium bromide solution in diethyl ether.The mixture was stirred while cooling with an ice bath for 1 h and atroom temperature for 19.5 h. Another 2 equivalents of methylmagnesiumbromide solution were added and the mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for a further 24 h. Saturated aqueous ammonium chloridesolution was added and the mixture was stirred and extracted three timeswith ethyl acetate. The combined organic phases were washed with sodiumchloride solution, filtered through a hydrophobic filter andconcentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography onsilica gel (hexane/ethyl acetate). 763 mg of the title compound wereobtained.

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ [ppm]=1.63 (s, 6H), 5.99 (s, 1H), 7.49 (s,1H), 8.06 (s, 1H), 8.14-8.19 (m, 1H), 8.37 (t, 1H), 8.46 (d, 1H), 8.78(s, 1H), 12.32 (s, 1H), 12.97 (s, 1H).

Intermediate 5-26-(Difluoromethyl)-N-[6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1H-indazol-5-yl]pyridine-2-carboxamide

Analogously to the preparation of Intermediate 5-1, 2.40 g (6.93 mmol)of methyl5-({[6-(difluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-1H-indazole-6-carboxylate(Intermediate 3-2) in 10 ml of THF were reacted with three portions of3M methylmagnesium bromide solution in diethyl ether (6.9 ml, thenstirring at room temperature for 45 min; 11.6 ml, then stirring at roomtemperature for 2 h; 6.9 ml, then stirring at room temperature for 2 h).After the workup as for Intermediate 5-1, 2.39 g of a crude product wereobtained, which were used further without further purification.

Intermediate 6-1 Methyl2-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-5-nitro-2H-indazole-6-carboxylate

5.00 g (22.6 mmol) of methyl 5-nitro-1H-indazole-6-carboxylate(Intermediate 1-1) were initially charged in 40 ml of DMF. 5.65 g (33.9mmol) of 4-bromo-2-methylbutan-2-ol, 9.37 g (67.8 mmol) of potassiumcarbonate and 5.63 g (33.9 mmol) of potassium iodide were added and themixture was stirred at 100° C. for 20 h. Water was added, the mixturewas extracted three times with ethyl acetate and the extracts werewashed with sodium chloride solution, filtered through a hydrophobicfilter and concentrated. The residue was purified by columnchromatography on silica gel (hexane/ethyl acetate). The solids obtainedwere extracted by stirring with diethyl ether, filtered off withsuction, washed with diethyl ether and dried. 2.49 g of the titlecompound were obtained.

UPLC-MS (Method A1): R_(t)=0.93 min (UV detector: TIC), mass found307.00.

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ [ppm]=1.15 (s, 6H), 2.02-2.11 (m, 2H), 3.84(s, 3H), 4.54 (s, 1H), 4.58-4.65 (m, 2H), 8.05 (s, 1H), 8.69 (s, 1H),8.86 (s, 1H).

Intermediate 7-1 Methyl5-amino-2-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-2H-indazole-6-carboxylate

4.53 g of iron and 217 mg of ammonium chloride were added to 2.49 g(8.10 mmol) of methyl2-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-5-nitro-2H-indazole-6-carboxylate(Intermediate 6-1) in 30 ml of ethanol and 10 ml of water, and themixture was stirred at 90° C. for 21.5 h. The mixture was filteredthrough Celite and washed through with ethanol three times, and thefiltrate was concentrated and the residue was admixed with water.Extraction was effected three times with ethyl acetate (to improve thephase separation, sodium chloride solution was added). The combinedorganic phases were washed with sodium chloride solution, filteredthrough a hydrophobic filter and concentrated. This gave 1.95 g (85% oftheory) of the title compound.

UPLC-MS (Method A1): R_(t)=0.67 min (UV detector: TIC), mass found277.00.

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ [ppm]=1.14 (s, 6H), 1.96-2.08 (m, 2H), 3.85(s, 3H), 4.39-4.51 (m, 3H), 5.81 (s, 2H), 6.80 (s, 1H), 8.05 (s, 1H),8.18 (s, 1H).

WORKING EXAMPLES Example 1N-[6-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-(2-methoxyethyl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide

75 mg (0.18 mmol) of methyl2-(2-methoxyethyl)-5-({[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-2H-indazole-6-carboxylate(Intermediate 4-2) were dissolved in 500 μl of THF and admixed with 887μl (0.89 mmol) of a 1 M methylmagnesium bromide solution in THF. Thereaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 60 min. Subsequently, 1 ml ofa saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution was added cautiously andthe mixture was filtered. The aqueous phase was extracted twice withethyl acetate, and the organic phases were combined, filtered through ahydrophobic filter and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in 3 mlof DMSO and purified by preparative HPLC. The product-containingfractions were freeze-dried. 20 mg of the title compound were obtained.

UPLC-MS (Method A1): R_(t)=1.08 min

MS (ESIpos): m/z=423 (M+H)⁺

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ [ppm]=1.62 (s, 6H), 3.22 (s, 3H), 3.82 (t,2H), 4.55 (t, 2H), 5.96 (s, 1H), 7.57 (s, 1H), 8.16 (dl H), 8.29-8.42(m, 2H), 8.42-8.50 (m, 1H), 8.71 (s, 1H), 12.36 (s, 1H)

Example 2N-[6-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-(2-methoxyethyl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide

13 mg (0.36 mmol) of lithium aluminium hydride were suspended in 1 ml ofTHF and the mixture was cooled to 0° C. 75 mg (0.17 mmol) of methyl2-(2-methoxyethyl)-5-({[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-2H-indazole-6-carboxylate(Intermediate 4-2) dissolved in 500 μl of THF were added dropwise andthe mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 60 min. The mixture was dilutedwith water and extracted twice with ethyl acetate, and the combinedorganic phases were washed with sodium chloride solution, filteredthrough a hydrophobic filter, concentrated and dried under reducedpressure. This gave 13 mg of the title compound.

UPLC-MS (Method A2): R_(t)=0.99 min

MS (ESIpos): m/z=394 (M+H)⁺

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ [ppm]=3.23 (s, 3H), 3.83 (t, 2H), 4.56 (t,2H), 4.69 (d, 2H), 5.77 (t, 1H), 7.57 (s, 1H), 8.19 (d, 1H), 8.33-8.41(m, 2H), 8.43-8.47 (m, 1H), 8.51 (s, 1H), 11.20 (s, 1H)

Example 3N-[6-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-(3-methoxypropyl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide

75 mg (0.17 mmol) of methyl2-(3-methoxypropyl)-5-({[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-2H-indazole-6-carboxylate(Intermediate 4-3) were dissolved in 500 μl of THF and admixed with 859μl (0.86 mmol) of a 1 M methylmagnesium bromide solution in THF. Thereaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 60 min. Subsequently, 1 ml ofa saturated ammonium chloride solution was added cautiously and themixture was filtered. The aqueous phase was extracted twice with ethylacetate, and the organic phases were combined, filtered through ahydrophobic filter and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in 3 mlof DMSO and purified by preparative HPLC. The product-containingfractions were freeze-dried. 25 mg of the title compound were obtained.

UPLC-MS (Method A1): R_(t)=1.13 min

MS (ESIpos): m/z=437 (M+H)⁺

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ [ppm]=1.62 (s, 6H), 2.14 (quin, 2H), 3.23(s, 3H), 3.26-3.32 (m, 2H), 4.44 (t, 2H), 5.95 (s, 1H), 7.58 (s, 1H),8.16 (d, 1H), 8.31-8.40 (m, 2H), 8.43-8.48 (m, 1H), 8.72 (s, 1H), 12.36(s, 1H).

Example 4N-[6-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-(3-methoxypropyl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide

13 mg of lithium aluminium hydride were suspended in THF and the mixturewas cooled to 0° C. 75 mg (0.17 mmol) of methyl2-(3-methoxypropyl)-5-({[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-2H-indazole-6-carboxylate(Intermediate 4-3) in THF were added dropwise and the mixture wasallowed to come to room temperature within 30 min. The mixture wasdiluted with water and filtered, the residue was washed with ethylacetate and the filtrate was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combinedethyl acetate phases were washed with sodium chloride solution, filteredthrough a hydrophobic filter and concentrated. The residue was purifiedby preparative HPLC.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ [ppm]=2.14 (quin, 2H), 3.23 (s, 3H), 3.29(t, 2H), 4.45 (t, 2H), 4.68 (d, 2H), 5.77 (t, 1H), 7.58 (s, 1H), 8.18(d, 1H), 8.32-8.48 (m, 3H), 8.51 (s, 1H), 11.21 (s, 1H).

Example 5N-[2-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamideStage A Preparation ofN-[2-(2-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}ethyl)-6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide

100 mg (0.19 mmol) of methyl2-(2-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}ethyl)-5-({[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-2H-indazole-6-carboxylate(Intermediate 4-5) were dissolved in 1 ml of THF and admixed with 669 μl(0.67 mmol) of a 1 M methylmagnesium bromide solution in THF. Thereaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 60 min. Another 287 μl (0.29mmol) of a 1 M methylmagnesium bromide solution in THF were added andthe mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 3 h. Subsequently, 20 ml of asaturated ammonium chloride solution were added cautiously and themixture was filtered. The aqueous phase was extracted twice with ethylacetate, and the organic phases were combined, dried over magnesiumsulphate, filtered, concentrated and dried under reduced pressure. Thisgave 50 mg ofN-[2-(2-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}ethyl)-6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide.

UPLC-MS (Method A2): R_(t)=1.51 min

MS (ESIpos): m/z=523 (M+H)⁺

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ [ppm]=−0.17-−0.09 (m, 6H), 0.78 (s, 9H),1.62 (s, 6H), 4.04 (t, 2H), 4.47 (t, 2H), 5.98 (s, 1H), 7.57 (s, 1H),8.16 (d, 1H), 8.29 (s, 1H), 8.37 (t, 1H), 8.45 (d, 1H), 8.73 (s, 1H),12.38 (s, 1H).

Stage B

50 mg (96 μmol) ofN-[2-(2-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}ethyl)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamidewere dissolved in 1.0 ml of THF and admixed with 144 μl (0.14 mmol) of a1 M solution of tetrabutylammonium fluoride in THF. The reaction mixturewas stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The mixture was diluted withwater and extracted twice with ethyl acetate, and the combined organicphases were washed with saturated sodium chloride solution, filteredthrough a hydrophobic filter and concentrated. This gave 36 mg ofN-[2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide(Example 5).

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): d [ppm]=1.62 (s, 6H), 3.86 (q, 2H), 4.43 (t,2H), 4.95 (t, 1H), 5.94 (s, 1H), 7.57 (s, 1H), 8.16 (dd, 1H), 8.30 (s,1H), 8.37 (t, 1H), 8.45 (d, 1H), 8.72 (s, 1H), 12.36 (s, 1H).

UPLC-MS (Method A2): R_(t)=0.97 min (UV detector: TIC), mass found408.00.

Example 6N-[6-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-(3-hydroxypropyl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamideStage A Preparation ofN-[2-(3-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}propyl)-6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide

50 mg (0.09 mmol) of methyl2-(3-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}propyl)-5-({[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-2H-indazole-6-carboxylate(Intermediate 4-6) were dissolved in 500 μl of THF and admixed with 326μl (0.33 mmol) of a 1 M methylmagnesium bromide solution in THF. Thereaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 60 min. Subsequently, 20 mlof a saturated ammonium chloride solution were added cautiously and themixture was extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organicphases were filtered through a hydrophobic filter, concentrated anddried under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by preparativeHPLC. 40 mg ofN-[2-(3-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}propyl)-6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamidewere obtained.

UPLC-MS (Method A1): R_(t)=1.58 min

MS (ESIpos): m/z=537 (M+H)⁺

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ [ppm]=0.02-0.05 (m, 6H), 0.84-0.91 (m, 9H),1.62 (s, 6H), 2.02-2.18 (m, 2H), 3.55-3.62 (m, 2H), 4.45 (t, 2H), 5.96(s, 1H), 7.57 (s, 1H), 8.16 (d, 1H), 8.31 (s, 1H), 8.33-8.42 (m, 1H),8.45 (d, 1H), 8.72 (s, 1H), 12.37 (s, 1H).

Stage B

37 mg (0.07 mmol) ofN-[2-(3-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}propyl)-6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamidewere dissolved in 500 μl of THF and admixed with 207 μl (0.21 mmol) of a1 M solution of tetrabutylammonium fluoride in THF. The reaction mixturewas stirred at 25° C. for 2 h. The mixture was diluted with water andextracted twice with ethyl acetate, and the combined organic phases werewashed with saturated sodium chloride solution, filtered andconcentrated. After purification by preparative HPLC, 10 mg ofN-[6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-(3-hydroxypropyl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide(Example 6, contained secondary component) were obtained.

UPLC-MS (Method A2): R_(t)=1.00 min

MS (ESIpos): m/z=423 (M+H)⁺

¹H NMR selected signals (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ [ppm]=1.61 (s), 2.00-2.12(m), 3.38 (t, 2H), 4.44 (t, 2H), 4.62 (br. s., 1H), 5.93 (br. s., 1H),7.55 (s, 1H), 8.13 (d, 1H), 8.27-8.38 (m, 2H), 8.43 (d, 1H), 8.71 (s,1H), 12.30 (br. s., 1H).

Example 7N-[2-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamideStage AN-[2-(2-{[tert-Butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}ethyl)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide

100 mg (0.19 mmol) of methyl2-(2-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}ethyl)-5-({[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-2H-indazole-6-carboxylate(Intermediate 4-5) were dissolved in 1 ml of THF and admixed with 191 μl(0.38 mmol) of a 2 M lithium borohydride solution. The mixture was leftto stir at 25° C. for 24 h. 14 mg (0.38 mmol) of sodium borohydride and500 μl of methanol were added, and the mixture was stirred at 25° C. for4 h. Another 14 mg (0.38 mmol) of sodium borohydride were added, and themixture was stirred at 25° C. for 24 h. Water was added cautiously tothe reaction mixture and the organic phase was removed. The mixture wasthen extracted twice with ethyl acetate, and the combined organic phaseswere washed with saturated sodium chloride solution, filtered through ahydrophobic filter and concentrated. The residue was taken up in 2 ml ofDMSO and purified by preparative HPLC. This gave 30 mg ofN-[2-(2-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}ethyl)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide.

UPLC-MS (Method A2): R_(t)=1.44 min

MS (ESIpos): m/z=495 (M+H)⁺

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ [ppm]=−0.16-−0.12 (m, 6H), 0.75-0.79 (m,9H), 4.05 (t, 2H), 4.48 (t, 2H), 4.69 (d, 2H), 5.75-5.77 (m, 1H), 7.57(s, 1H), 8.18 (dd, 1H), 8.30-8.33 (m, 1H), 8.38 (t, 1H), 8.45 (d, 1H),8.51 (s, 1H), 11.20 (s, 1H).

Stage B

33 mg (0.07 mmol) ofN-[2-(2-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}ethyl)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamidewere dissolved in 1 ml of THF and admixed with 100 μl (0.10 mmol) of a 1M solution of tetrabutylammonium fluoride in THF. The reaction mixturewas stirred at 25° C. for 1 h. The mixture was diluted with water andextracted twice with ethyl acetate, and the combined organic phases werewashed with saturated sodium chloride solution, filtered through ahydrophobic filter, concentrated and dried under reduced pressure. 25 mgofN-[2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide(Example 7) were obtained.

UPLC-MS (Method A2): R_(t)=0.87 min

MS (ESIpos): m/z=381 (M+H)⁺

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ [ppm]=3.87 (q, 2H), 4.44 (t, 2H), 4.69 (d,2H), 4.98 (t, 1H), 5.70-5.81 (m, 1H), 7.57 (s, 1H), 8.11-8.23 (m, 1H),8.31-8.42 (m, 2H), 8.43-8.49 (m, 1H), 8.51 (s, 1H), 11.20 (s, 1H).

Example 8N-[6-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-(oxetan-3-ylmethyl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide

50 mg (0.12 mmol) of methyl2-(oxetan-3-ylmethyl)-5-({[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-2H-indazole-6-carboxylate(Intermediate 4-1) were dissolved in 500 μl of THF and admixed with 576μl (0.58 mmol) of a 1 M methylmagnesium bromide solution in THF. Thereaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 60 min. Subsequently, 20 mlof a saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution were added cautiouslyand the mixture was concentrated. The aqueous phase was extracted twicewith ethyl acetate, and the organic phases were combined, dried overmagnesium sulphate, filtered and concentrated. The residue was dissolvedin 2.0 ml of DMSO and purified by preparative HPLC. Theproduct-containing fractions were freeze-dried. 30 mg of the titlecompound were obtained.

UPLC-MS (Method A2): R_(t)=1.03 min

MS (ESIpos): m/z=435 (M+H)⁺

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ [ppm]=1.62 (s, 6H), 3.45-3.61 (m, 1H), 4.48(t, 2H), 4.66 (dd, 2H), 4.72 (d, 2H), 5.94 (s, 1H), 7.57 (s, 1H), 8.16(d, 1H), 8.33-8.42 (m, 2H), 8.42-8.47 (m, 1H), 8.72 (s, 1H), 12.36 (s,1H).

Example 9N-[6-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-(oxetan-3-ylmethyl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide

75 mg (0.17 mmol) of methyl2-(oxetan-3-ylmethyl)-5-({[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-2H-indazole-6-carboxylate(Intermediate 4-1) were dissolved in 1 ml of a mixture of THF/methanol(1:1), and 8 mg (0.21 mmol) of sodium borohydride were added. Themixture was left to stir at 25° C. for 60 min. The reaction mixture wasconcentrated, and the residue was admixed with water. The suspension wasstirred vigorously for 15 min, and the solids were filtered off withsuction, washed twice with water and twice with diethyl ether, and driedunder reduced pressure. 48 mg of the title compound were obtained.

UPLC-MS (Method A2): R_(t)=0.94 min

MS (ESIpos): m/z=407 (M+H)⁺

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ [ppm]=3.55 (s, 1H), 4.48 (t, 2H), 4.61-4.77(m, 6H), 7.57 (s, 1H), 8.18 (dd, 1H), 8.33-8.49 (m, 3H), 8.51 (s, 1H),11.21 (s, 1H).

Example 10N-{6-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-[3-(methylsulphonyl)propyl]-2H-indazol-5-yl}-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide

A mixture of 500 mg (1.32 mmol) ofN-[6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide(Intermediate 5-1), 569 mg of potassium carbonate and 114 mg ofpotassium iodide in 5.0 ml of DMF was stirred at room temperature for 15min. 414 mg of 1-bromo-3-(methylsulphonyl)propane were added and themixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Water was added, themixture was twice extracted with ethyl acetate and the extracts werewashed with sodium chloride solution and concentrated. The residue waspurified by column chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol gradient).Extracting the product fraction by stirring with diethyl ether gave 59mg of the title compound.

UPLC-MS (Method A2): R_(t)=1.02 min

MS (ESIpos): m/z=485 (M+H)⁺

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ [ppm]=1.63 (s, 6H), 2.26-2.42 (m, 2H), 2.99(s, 3H), 3.06-3.16 (m, 2H), 4.55 (t, 2H), 5.96 (s, 1H), 7.60 (s, 1H),8.16 (d, 1H), 8.33-8.48 (m, 3H), 8.73 (s, 1H), 12.37 (s, 1H).

Example 11N-[2-(3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide

Preparation Method 1

705 mg (1.57 mmol) of methyl2-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-5-({[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-2H-indazole-6-carboxylate(Intermediate 4-4) were initially charged in 10 ml of THF and cooled inan ice-water cooling bath. 2.6 ml (5.0 equivalents) of 3Mmethylmagnesium bromide solution (in diethyl ether) were added and themixture was left to stir while cooling with an ice bath for 1 h and atroom temperature for 4.5 h. Another 1 equivalent of the methylmagnesiumbromide solution was added and the mixture was left to stir at roomtemperature for 20.5 h. Another 1 equivalent again of themethylmagnesium bromide solution was added and the mixture was left tostir at room temperature for 22 h. The reaction mixture was admixed withsaturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution, stirred and extractedthree times with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phases were washedwith sodium chloride solution, filtered through a hydrophobic filter andconcentrated. This gave 790 mg of a residue which was purified by meansof preparative HPLC. This gave 234 mg of the title compound and 164 mgof a product fraction which was extracted by stirring with diethylether. After filtration with suction followed by drying, a further 146mg of the title compound were obtained.

UPLC-MS (Method A1): R_(t)=1.10 min (UV detector: TIC), mass found450.00.

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ [ppm]=1.14 (s, 6H), 1.61 (s, 6H), 1.99-2.08(m, 2H), 4.42-4.55 (m, 3H), 5.93 (s, 1H), 7.56 (s, 1H), 8.15 (dd, 1H),8.32-8.39 (m, 2H), 8.41-8.47 (m, 1H), 8.70 (s, 1H), 12.34 (s, 1H).

Preparation Method 2

A mixture of 500 mg (1.37 mmol) ofN-[6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide(Intermediate 5-1), 569 mg of potassium carbonate and 114 mg ofpotassium iodide in 5 ml of DMF was stirred at room temperature for 15min. 344 mg (1.5 equivalents) of 4-bromo-2-methylbutan-2-ol were addedand the mixture was heated to 100° C. for 2 h. Another 0.5 equivalent of4-bromo-2-methylbutan-2-ol was added and the mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 16 h. The mixture was admixed with water and extractedtwice with ethyl acetate, and the combined organic phases were washedwith saturated sodium chloride solution and filtered through ahydrophobic filter and concentrated. The residue was purified by columnchromatography purification on silica gel (hexane/ethyl acetate). Thisgave 100 mg of a product fraction which was extracted by stirring withdiethyl ether. After drying, 60 mg of the title compound were obtained.

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ [ppm]=1.14 (s, 6H), 1.61 (s, 6H), 1.99-2.07(m, 2H), 4.43-4.52 (m, 3H) 5.94 (s, 1H) 7.57 (s, 1H) 8.15 (dd, 1H)8.33-8.40 (m, 2H), 8.42-8.48 (m, 1H), 8.71 (s, 1H), 12.35 (s, 1H)

Example 12N-{6-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-[2-(methylsulphonyl)ethyl]-2H-indazol-5-yl}-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide

160 mg (0.44 mmol) ofN-[6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide(Intermediate 5-1) were suspended together with 182 mg of potassiumcarbonate and 36 mg of potassium iodide in 1.0 ml of DMF, and themixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 min. Then 123 mg of2-bromoethyl methyl sulphone (0.66 mmol) were added and the mixture wasstirred at room temperature overnight. Water was added, the mixture wasextracted twice with ethyl acetate and the extracts were washed withsaturated aqueous sodium chloride solution, filtered through ahydrophobic filter and concentrated. Purification of the residue bypreparative HPLC gave 20 mg of the title compound.

UPLC (Method A2): R_(t)=1.01 min;

MS (ESIpos): m/z=471 (M+H)+

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ [ppm]=1.63 (s, 6H), 2.90 (s, 3H), 3.85 (t,2H), 4.86 (t, 2H), 5.97 (s, 1H), 7.59 (s, 1H), 8.13-8.19 (m, 1H), 8.37(s, 1H), 8.41-8.48 (m, 2H), 8.74 (s, 1H), 12.37 (s, 1H).

Example 136-(Difluoromethyl)-N-[2-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]pyridine-2-carboxamide

Preparation Method 1

A mixture of 250 mg of6-(difluoromethyl)-N-[6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1H-indazol-5-yl]pyridine-2-carboxamide(crude product of Intermediate 5-2), 144 mg of potassium iodide and 239mg of potassium carbonate in 2.5 ml of DMF was stirred at roomtemperature for 15 min. 145 mg (0.87 mmol) of 4-bromo-2-methylbutan-2-olwere added, the mixture was stirred at 110° C. for 3 h, another 96 mg of4-bromo-2-methylbutan-2-ol were added and the mixture was stirred at110° C. for 4 h. Water was added, the mixture was extracted twice withethyl acetate and the extract was washed with semisaturated aqueoussodium chloride solution, filtered through a hydrophobic filter andconcentrated. Purification was effected by column chromatography onsilica gel (hexane/ethyl acetate). 61 mg of the title compound wereobtained.

UPLC-MS (Method A1): R_(t)=1.00 min (UV detector: TIC), mass found432.00.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ [ppm]=1.14 (s, 6H), 1.63 (s, 6H), 1.97-2.08(m, 2H), 4.41-4.55 (m, 3H), 5.99 (s, 1H), 7.03 (t, 1H), 7.56 (s, 1H),7.94-8.00 (m, 1H), 8.24-8.38 (m, 3H), 8.71 (s, 1H), 12.49 (s, 1H).

Preparation Method 2

Analogously to the preparation of Example 11 (Preparation Method 1),3.00 g of methyl5-({[6-(difluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-2-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-2H-indazole-6-carboxylate(Intermediate 4-11) were reacted with 3M methylmagnesium bromidesolution (in diethyl ether). After purification of the crude product byextractive stirring with diethyl ether followed by preparative HPLC,1.37 g of the title compound were obtained.

Example 146-(Difluoromethyl)-N-{6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-[2-(methylsulphonyl)ethyl]-2H-indazol-5-yl}pyridine-2-carboxamide

A mixture of 250 mg of6-(difluoromethyl)-N-[6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1H-indazol-5-yl]pyridine-2-carboxamide(crude product of Intermediate 5-2), 144 mg of potassium iodide and 239mg of potassium carbonate in 2.5 ml of DMF was stirred at roomtemperature for 15 min. 162 mg of 2-bromoethyl methyl sulphone (0.87mmol) were added and the mixture was stirred at 110° C. for 3 h. Waterwas added, the mixture was extracted twice with ethyl acetate and theextract was washed with semisaturated aqueous sodium chloride solution,filtered through a hydrophobic filter and concentrated. The residue waspurified by preparative HPLC and the product fractions were additionallypurified by column chromatography purification on silica gel(hexane/ethyl acetate). 40 mg of the title compound were obtained.

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ [ppm]=1.65 (s, 6H), 2.90 (s, 3H), 3.85 (t,2H), 4.85 (t, 2H), 6.03 (s, 1H), 7.04 (t, 1H), 7.59 (s, 1H), 7.98 (d,1H), 8.25-8.36 (m, 2H), 8.43 (s, 1H), 8.75 (s, 1H), 12.52 (s, 1H).

Example 156-(Difluoromethyl)-N-[6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-(3-hydroxypropyl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]pyridine-2-carboxamideStage A Preparation ofN-[2-(3-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}propyl)-6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(difluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide

A mixture of 250 mg of6-(difluoromethyl)-N-[6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1H-indazol-5-yl]pyridine-2-carboxamide(Intermediate 5-2), 48 mg of potassium iodide and 239 mg of potassiumcarbonate in 2.5 ml of DMF was stirred at room temperature for 15 min.219 mg (0.87 mmol, 1.5 equivalents) of(3-bromopropoxy)(tert-butyl)dimethylsilane were added and the mixturewas stirred at 110° C. for 3 h. Another 1 equivalent of(3-bromopropoxy)(tert-butyl)dimethylsilane was added and the mixture wasstirred at 100° C. for 4 h. Water was added, the mixture was extractedwith ethyl acetate and the extract was washed with aqueous sodiumchloride solution, filtered through a hydrophobic filter andconcentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography(hexane/ethyl acetate). 92 mg of the title compound were obtained.

Stage B

Analogously to the preparation of Example 6, Stage B, 92 mg ofN-[2-(3-{[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy}propyl)-6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(difluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamidewere reacted with 0.53 ml of a 1 M solution of tetrabutylammoniumfluoride in THF within 1 h. Aqueous workup as in Example 6 andpurification by preparative HPLC gave 46 mg of the title compound.

UPLC-MS (Method A1): R_(t)=0.92 min (UV detector: TIC), mass found404.00.

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ [ppm]=1.64 (s, 6H), 2.05 (quin, 2H),3.35-3.46 (m, 2H), 4.45 (t, 2H), 4.64 (t, 1H), 5.99 (s, 1H), 7.04 (t,1H), 7.57 (s, 1H), 7.95-7.99 (m, 1H), 8.25-8.36 (m, 3H), 8.73 (s, 1H),12.50 (s, 1H).

Example 16N-[6-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide

A mixture of 210 mg (0.58 mmol) ofN-[6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide(Intermediate 5-1) in 3 ml of DMF was admixed with 0.11 ml (0.87 mmol)of 1,1,1-trifluoro-4-iodobutane and 239 mg of potassium carbonate, andthe mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 6 h. After addition of water, themixture was extracted three times with ethyl acetate, and the combinedorganic phases were washed with saturated sodium chloride solution,filtered through a hydrophobic filter and concentrated. The crudeproduct was purified by preparative HPLC. 19 mg of the title compoundwere obtained.

UPLC-MS (Method A1): R_(t)=1.27 min (UV detector: TIC), mass found474.15.

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ [ppm]=1.62 (s, 6H), 2.10-2.33 (m), 4.49 (t,2H), 5.94 (s, 1H), 7.59 (s, 1H), 8.13-8.18 (m, 1H), 8.32-8.41 (m, 2H),8.41-8.47 (m, 1H), 8.72 (s, 1H), 12.35 (s, 1H).

Example 17N-{6-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-[3-(trifluoromethoxy)propyl]-2H-indazol-5-yl}-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide

150 mg (0.33 mmol) ofN-[6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide(Intermediate 5-1) were initially charged in 2 ml of THF. 58 mg (0.40mmol) of 3-(trifluoromethoxy)propan-1-ol, 131 mg of triphenylphosphineand 71 μl of diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (DIAD, CAS 2446-83-5) wereadded and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 19 h. 0.83 mlof sodium hydroxide solution (2M) was added and the mixture was stirredat 40° C. for 5 h. The mixture was diluted with water and extractedthree times with ethyl acetate, and the combined organic phases wereconcentrated and purified by preparative HPLC. 16 mg of the titlecompound were obtained as a crude product.

UPLC-MS (Method A2): R_(t)=1.26 min (UV detector: TIC), mass found490.14.

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆, selected signals): δ [ppm]=1.61 (s, 6H), 1.84(d, 1H), 2.32 (quint., 2H), 4.08 (t, 2H), 4.51 (t, 2H), 7.58 (s, 1H),8.15 (d, 1H), 8.31-8.39 (m, 2H), 8.44 (d, 1H), 8.72 (s, 1H), 12.35 (s,1H).

Example 18N-{6-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-[3-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)propyl]-2H-indazol-5-yl}-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide

Analogously to the preparation of Example 11 (Preparation Method 1), 52mg (0.10 mmol) of methyl2-[3-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)propyl]-5-({[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-2H-indazole-6-carboxylate(Intermediate 4-10) in 3 ml of THF were reacted with 2×171 μl of 3Mmagnesium bromide solution in diethyl ether. Purification by preparativeHPLC gave 12 mg of the title compound.

UPLC-MS (Method A1): R_(t)=1.25 min (UV detector: TIC), mass found504.16.

¹H-NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ [ppm]=1.63 (s, 6H), 2.20 (quin, 2H), 3.58(t, 2H), 4.05 (q, 2H), 4.47 (t, 2H), 5.94 (s, 1H), 7.58 (s, 1H), 8.15(dd, 1H), 8.32 (s, 1H), 8.36 (t, 1H), 8.45 (d, 1H), 8.73 (s, 1H), 12.36(s, 1H).

Example 195-Fluoro-N-[2-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-methylpyridine-2-carboxamide

228 mg (0.31 mmol) of methyl5-{[(5-fluoro-6-methylpyridin-2-yl)carbonyl]amino}-2-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-2H-indazole-6-carboxylate(Intermediate 4-8) were initially charged in 4.5 ml of THF and cooledwith an ice cooling bath. 0.63 ml of 3M methylmagnesium bromide solution(in diethyl ether) was added and the mixture was left to stir whilecooling with an ice bath for 2 h and at room temperature for 21 h. Thereaction mixture was admixed with saturated aqueous ammonium chloridesolution and extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The combinedorganic phases were concentrated. The residue was purified bypreparative HPLC. 82 mg of the title compound were obtained.

UPLC-MS (Method A2): R_(t)=1.03 min (UV detector: TIC), mass found414.21.

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ [ppm]=1.13 (s, 6H), 1.63 (s, 6H), 1.99-2.05(m, 2H), 2.55-2.59 (m, 3H), 4.42-4.50 (m, 3H), 5.95 (s, 1H), 7.54 (s,1H), 7.83 (t, 1H), 8.05 (dd, 1H), 8.31 (s, 1H), 8.68 (s, 1H), 12.33 (s,1H).

Example 20N-[2-(3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-methylpyridine-2-carboxamide

278 mg (0.48 mmol) of methyl2-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-5-{[(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)carbonyl]amino}-2H-indazole-6-carboxylate(Intermediate 4-9) were initially charged in 5.0 ml of THF and cooledwith an ice cooling bath. 0.97 ml of 3M methylmagnesium bromide solution(in diethyl ether) was added and the mixture was left to stir whilecooling with an ice bath for 2 h and at room temperature for 20.5 h.Another 0.48 ml of 3M methylmagnesium bromide solution was added and themixture was left to stir at room temperature for 67 h. The mixture wasadmixed with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution and extractedthree times with ethyl acetate, and the extracts were washed with sodiumchloride solution, filtered through a hydrophobic filter andconcentrated. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC. 111 mg ofthe title compound were obtained.

UPLC-MS (Method A2): R_(t)=0.97 min (UV detector: TIC), mass found396.22.

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ [ppm]=1.15 (s, 6H), 1.64 (s, 6H), 2.00-2.08(m, 2H), 2.61 (s, 3H), 4.41-4.59 (m, 3H), 5.92 (s, 1H), 7.50 (dd, 1H),7.56 (s, 1H), 7.90-7.99 (m, 2H), 8.33 (s, 1H), 8.70 (s, 1H), 12.39 (s,1H).

Example 216-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-N-[6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]pyridine-2-carboxamide

A solution of 72 mg (0.16 mmol) of methyl5-({[6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-2-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-2H-indazole-6-carboxylate(Intermediate 4-7) in 10 ml of THF was cooled in an ice/water coolingbath. 0.26 ml of 3M methylmagnesium bromide solution in diethyl etherwas added and the mixture was stirred for 2 h and then at roomtemperature for 20 h. Another 1 equivalent of the 3M methylmagnesiumbromide solution was added and the mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 24 h. Saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution wasadded, the mixture was three times extracted with ethyl acetate and theextracts were washed with sodium chloride solution and concentrated.Preparative HPLC gave 22 mg (31% of theory) of the title compound.

UPLC-MS (Method A2): R_(t)=1.15 min (UV detector: TIC), mass found464.20.

¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ [ppm]=1.56 (s, 6H), 1.64 (s, 6H), 2.07-2.34(m, 4H), 4.49 (t, 2H), 5.32 (s, 1H), 6.05 (s, 1H), 7.60 (s, 1H), 7.87(dd, 1H), 7.99-8.05 (m, 2H), 8.35 (s, 1H), 8.79 (s, 1H), 12.45 (s, 1H).

Example 22N-{2-[2-(1-Hydroxycyclopropyl)ethyl]-6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2H-indazol-5-yl}-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide

250 mg (0.69 mmol) ofN-[6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide(Intermediate 5-1) were initially charged in 5 ml of DMSO. 159 mg (0.96mmol) of 1-(2-bromoethyl)cyclopropanol, 285 mg of potassium carbonateand 171 mg of potassium iodide were added and the mixture was stirred at100° C. for 5 h. Water was added and the mixture was extracted threetimes with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phases were washed withsodium chloride solution, filtered through a hydrophobic filter andconcentrated. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC (column:Waters XBridge C18 5 g 100×30 mm, eluent A: water+0.1% by volume offormic acid (99%), eluent B: acetonitrile). Freeze-drying gave 45 mg ofthe title compound.

¹H-NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ [ppm]=0.18-0.22 (m, 2H), 0.48-0.52 (m, 2H),1.62 (s, 6H), 2.08 (t, 2H), 4.54-4.60 (m, 2H), 5.36 (s, 1H), 5.96 (s,1H), 7.57 (s, 1H), 8.16 (dd, 1H), 8.34-8.39 (m, 2H), 8.45 (d, 1H), 8.72(s, 1H), 12.36 (s, 1H).

Assessment of Physiological Efficacy in Various Autoimmune DisordersIRAK4 Kinase Assay

The IRAK4-inhibitory activity of the inventive substances was measuredin the IRAK4 TR-FRET assay (TR-FRET=Time Resolved Fluorescence ResonanceEnergy Transfer) described hereinafter.

Recombinant fusion protein from N-terminal GST (glutathioneS-transferase) and human IRAK4, expressed in baculovirus-infected insectcells (Hi5, BTI-TN-5B1-4, cell line purchased from Invitrogen, catalogueNo. B855-02) and purified via affinity chromatography, was used asenzyme. The substrate used for the kinase reaction was the biotinylatedpeptide biotin-Ahx-KKARFSRFAGSSPSQASFAEPG (C-terminus in amide form)which can be purchased, for example, from Biosyntan GmbH (Berlin-Buch).

For the assay, 11 different concentrations in the range from 20 μM to0.073 nM were prepared from a 2 mM solution of the test substance inDMSO. 50 nl of the respective solution were pipetted into a blacklow-volume 384-well microtitre plate (Greiner Bio-One, Frickenhausen,Germany), 2 μl of a solution of IRAK4 in assay buffer [50 mM HEPES pH7.5, 5 mM MgC2, 1.0 mM dithiothreitol, 30 μM activated sodiumorthovanadate, 0.1% (w/v) of bovine gamma-globulin (BGG), 0.04% (v/v)nonidet-P40 (Sigma)] were added and the mixture was incubated for 15 minto allow prebinding of the substances to the enzyme prior to the kinasereaction. The kinase reaction was then started by addition of 3 μl of asolution of adenosine triphosphate (ATP, 1.67 mM=final concentration in5 μl of assay volume: 1 mM) and peptide substrate (0.83 μM=finalconcentration in 5 μl assay volume: 0.5 μM) in assay buffer, and theresulting mixture was incubated at 22° C. for the reaction time of 45min. The concentration of the IRAK4 was adjusted to the respectiveactivity of the enzyme and set such that the assay was carried out inthe linear range. Typical concentrations were in the order of about 0.2nM. The reaction was stopped by addition of 5 μl of a solution ofTR-FRET detection reagents [0.1 μM streptavidin-XL665 (Cisbio Bioassays;France, catalogue No. 610SAXLG)] and 1.5 nM anti-phosphoserine antibody[Merck Millipore, “STK Antibody”, catalogue No. 35-002] and 0.6 nM LANCEEU-W1024-labelled anti-mouse-IgG antibody (Perkin-Elmer, product No.AD0077; alternatively, it is possible to use a terbium cryptate-labelledanti-mouse-IgG antibody from Cisbio Bioassays) in aqueous EDTA solution(100 mM EDTA, 0.4% [w/v] bovine serum albumin [BSA] in 25 mM HEPES pH7.5).

The resulting mixture was incubated at 22° C. for 1 h to allow formationof a complex of the biotinylated phosphorylated substrate and thedetection reagents. The amount of the phosphorylated substrate was thenevaluated by measuring the resonance energy transfer from europiumchelate-labelled anti-mouse-IgG antibody to streptavidin-XL665. To thisend, the fluorescence emissions at 620 nm and 665 nm were measured afterexcitation at 350 nm in a TR-FRET measuring instrument, for example aRubystar (BMG Labtechnologies, Offenburg, Germany) or a Viewlux(Perkin-Elmer). The ratio of the emissions at 665 nm and 622 nm wastaken as a measure of the amount of phosphorylated substrate. The datawere normalized (enzyme reaction without test substance=0% inhibition;all other assay components but no enzyme=100% inhibition). Typically,the test substances were tested on the same microtitre plates at 11different concentrations in the range from 20 μM to 0.073 nM (20 μM, 5.7μM, 1.6 μM, 0.47 μM, 0.13 μM, 38 nM, 11 nM, 3.1 nM, 0.89 nM, 0.25 nM and0.073 nM). The dilution series were prepared prior to the assay (2 mM to7.3 nM in 100% DMSO) by serial dilutions. The IC₅₀ values werecalculated by a 4-parameter fit.

TABLE 1 IC₅₀ values of the example compounds in the IRAK4 kinase assayIC₅₀ Example [nM] 1 30.6 2 135.6 3 7.2 4 52.7 5 264.5 6 35.7 7 867.3 815.0 9 103.8 10 18.5 11 3.4 12 10.7 13 1.3 14 10.8 15 12.3 16 21.5 1736.0 18 47.5 19 8.9 20 13.3 21 117.2 22 3.7

The inhibitory activity of the compounds of the general formula (III)with respect to IRAK4 was likewise measured in the IRAK4 TR-FRET assaydescribed above. The following are mentioned by way of example: thecompound Intermediate 4-2 with an IC₅₀=21.7 nM, Intermediate 4-3 with anIC₅₀=13.0 nM and Intermediate 4-4 with an IC₅₀=6.2 nM.

TNF-α Secretion in THP-1 Cells

With the aid of this test, it is possible to test substances for theirability to inhibit secretion of TNF-α (tumour necrosis factor alpha) inTHP-1 cells (human monocytic acute leukaemia cell line). TNF-α is a keycytokine involved in inflammatory processes of the cited autoimmunedisorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, Bekhterev'sdisease, psoriasis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, etc. In thistest, TNF-α secretion is triggered by incubation with bacteriallipopolysaccharide (LPS).

THP-1 cells were kept in continuous suspension cell culture [RPMI 1460medium with L-Glutamax (Gibco, Cat. No. 61870-044) supplemented withfoetal calf serum (FCS) 10% (Invitrogen, Cat. No. 10082-147), 1%penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco BRL, Cat. No. 15140-114)] and should notexceed a cell concentration of 1×10⁶ cells/ml. The assay is carried outin cell culture medium (RPMI 1460 medium with L-Glutamax supplementedwith FCS 10%).

In each case 2-2.5 μl of the cell suspension (corresponds to 4000 cells)per well were dispensed into a 384-well test plate (Greiner, Cat. No.784076), in each of which 40-50 nl substance had been dissolved in 100%DMSO. This was done using 10 different concentrations in the range from20 μM to 0.073 nM for each substance. The cells were incubated at roomtemperature for 15 min. 2-2.5 μl of 0.1 μg/ml LPS (Sigma, Escherichiacoli 055:B5, Cat. No. L5418) dissolved in cell culture medium (finalconcentration 0.05 μg/ml) were then dispensed into each well. As neutralcontrol, cells were treated with 0.05 μg/ml LPS and 1% DMSO and, asinhibitor control, with 1% DMSO only.

The plates were centrifuged at 80 g for 30 s and incubated at 37° C., 5%CO₂ and 95% atmospheric humidity for 17 h. The amount of TNF-α wasdetermined using the TNF-alpha HTRF Detection Kit (Cisbio, Cat. No.62TNFPEB/C). To this end, 2 μl of the detection solution in each case,consisting of anti-TNF-α-XL665 conjugate and anti-TNF-α-cryptateconjugate dissolved in the reconstitution buffer in accordance with themanufacturer's instructions, were added for the HTRF (HomogeneousTime-Resolved Fluorescence) test. After the addition, the mixture wasincubated either at room temperature for 3 h or at 4° C. overnight. Thesignals were then read at 620/665 nm using an HTRF-enabled measuringinstrument such as the BMG PheraStar.

The activity of the substances is expressed as the ratio between neutraland inhibitor control in percent. The IC₅₀ values were calculated usinga 4-parameter fit.

TABLE 2 IC₅₀ values of the example compounds with respect to thesecretion of TNF-α in THP-1 cells IC₅₀ Example [μM] 1 1.0 2 15.1 3 0.7 45.6 5 5.4 6 0.9 7 16.4 8 1.0 9 6.5 10 1.0 11 0.2 12 0.3 13 0.1 14 0.2 150.2 16 0.2 17 0.5 18 0.3 19 0.1 20 0.2 21 1.8

In Vitro LPS (Lipopolysaccharide)-Induced Cytokine Production in HumanPBMCs (Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells)

The effect of the compounds of the general formula (I) on inducedcytokine production in human PBMCs was examined. Cytokine production wasinduced here by LPS, a TLR4 ligand, which leads to activation of theIRAK4-mediated signal path.

The human PBMCs were obtained from anti-coagulated human whole blood.For this purpose, 15 ml of Ficoll-Paque (Biochrom, Cat. No. L6115) wereinitially charged in Leucosep tubes and 20 ml of human blood were added.After centrifugation of the blood at 800 g for 15 min at roomtemperature, the plasma including the platelets was removed anddiscarded. The PBMCs were transferred into centrifugation tubes and madeup with PBS (phosphate-buffered saline) (Gibco, Cat. No. 14190). Thecell suspension was centrifuged at room temperature at 250 g for 10 minand the supernatant was discarded. The PBMCs were resuspended incomplete medium (RPMI 1640, without L-glutamine (PAA, Cat. No. E15-039),10% FCS; 50 U/ml penicillin, 50 μg/ml streptomycin (PAA, Cat. No.P11-010) and 1% L-glutamine (Sigma, Cat. No. G7513)).

The assay was also carried out in complete medium. The PBMCs were sownin 96-well plates at a cell density of 2.5×10⁵ cells/well. The compoundsof the general formula (I) were subjected to serial dilution in aconstant volume of 100% DMSO and used in the assay at 8 differentconcentrations in the range from 10 μM to 3 nM such that the final DMSOconcentration was 0.4% DMSO. Prior to the actual stimulation, the cellswere then pre-incubated therewith for 30 min. To induce cytokinesecretion, the cells were stimulated with 0.1 μg/ml LPS (Sigma,Escherichia coli 0128:B12, Cat. No. L2887) for 24 hours. Cell viabilitywas determined using the CellTiter-Glo luminescent assay (Promega, Cat.No. G7571 (G755/G756A)) in accordance with the manufacturer'sinstructions. The amount of secreted TNF-α in the cell culturesupernatant was determined using the Human ProInflammatory 9-Plex TissueCulture Kit (MSD, Cat. No. K15007B) in accordance with the instructionsof the manufacturer. By way of example, Example Compound 11 and ExampleCompound 12 have activity ≤1 μM.

In Vitro TLR4/TLR7-Induced Interleukin (IL)-23 Secretion of HumanDendritic Cells (DCs)

The effect of the compounds of the general formula (I) on the inducedproduction of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-23 which plays anessential role for the generation of TH-17 cells (IL-17-producingT-helper cells) was examined in human DCs. It is stated that TH-17 cellsplay a crucial role in the pathogenesis of disorders such as rheumatoidarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, Bekhterev's disease (ankylosingspondylitis), psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, systemic lupus erythematosusor else multiple sclerosis (Lubberts, Nat. Rev. Rheumatol., 2015;Marinoni et al., Auto. Immun. Highlights, 2014; Isailovic et al., J.Autoimmun., 2015; Richtlin & Krueger, Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2016 May;28(3):204-10 Leonardi et al., Allergy Asthma Proc. 2015; Aranjo et al.,Rev Bras Rheumatol. 2016; Staschke et al., J Immunol., 2009). To detectthe effect of the compounds of the general formula (I) on IL-23production, human primary monocytes (isolated from human PBMCs with theaid of magnetic separation [Miltenyi Biotech, Monocyte Isolation Kit,Cat. No. 130-091-153] with addition of growth factors (recombinant humanGM-CSF [PeproTech, Cat. No. 300-03] and IL-4 [PeproTech, Cat. No.200-04]) in complete medium (VLE (very low endotoxin) RPMI 1640[Biochrom AG, Cat. No. FG1415], 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) [Gibco,Cat. No. 10493-106]; 50 μM β-mercaptoethanol [Gibco, Cat. No. 31350], 50U/ml penicillin and streptomycin [Gibco, Cat. No. 15140-114]) weredifferentiated in culture over 6 days to give DCs. After the DCs hadbeen harvested, they were resuspended in complete medium and sown in acell density of 2×107 cells/well in a 96-well plate (Costar, Cat. No.3599). The compounds of the general formula (I) were subjected to serialdilution in a constant volume of 100% DMSO and used in the assay at 9different concentrations in the range from 10 μM to 1 nM. It was ensuredhere that the DMSO concentration present was always 0.1% DMSO for eachof the 9 concentrations used. There was a 30-minute preincubation of theDCs with the compounds of the general formula (I). Thereafter, the DCswere then stimulated to produce IL-23 by means of 10 ng/ml of LPS(Sigma, Escherichia coli serotype 0127:B8, Cat. No. L3129) (TLR4 ligand)and 2.5 μg/ml of TLR7/8 ligand R848 (Invivogen, Cat. No. tlrl-r848-5),both of which bring about the activation of the IRAK4-mediatedsignalling pathway, in an incubator (37° C., 95% rH, 5% CO₂) for 24hours. After this incubation time of 24 hours, the supernatants wereremoved and analysed with the aid of a commercially available hIL-23ELISA (eBiosciences, Cat. No. 88-7237-88), which was conducted accordingto the manufacturer's instructions. The results of the inhibition ofIL-23 in human DCs are shown by way of example for Example Compound 12in FIG. 1.

In Vitro Stimulation of Human Th17 Cells for Secretion of Interleukin(IL)-17

The inhibitory action of the compounds of the general formula (I) oninduced production of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-17, which isconsidered to be a key cytokine in the pathogenesis of rheumatoidarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, Bechterew disease (ankylosingspondylitis), reactive arthritis, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, systemiclupus erythematosus, chronic-inflammatory bowel diseases and alsomultiple sclerosis, was investigated in human Th17 cells. To this end,first, human PBMCs were obtained from anticoagulated human whole bloodas follows: 20 ml of human blood were added to leucosep tubes which hadbeen initially charged with 15 ml of Ficoll-Paque (Biochrom, Cat. No.L6115) beforehand. The blood was centrifuged at 800 g for 15 min at roomtemperature, and plasma including platelets was then removed anddiscarded. The PBMCs were transferred into centrifuge tubes and made upwith PBS (phosphate-buffered saline) (Gibco, Cat. No. 14190). The cellsuspension was centrifuged at 250 g for 10 min at room temperature, andthe supernatant was discarded. The PBMCs were resuspended in completemedium (RPMI 1640, without L-glutamine (PAA, Cat. No. E15-039), 10% FCS;50 U/ml penicillin, 50 μg/ml streptomycin (PAA, Cat. No. P11-010) and 1%L-glutamine (Sigma, Cat. No. G7513)). Subsequently, CD4+ T-cells wereisolated by magnetic cell separation (CD4+ T cell isolation kit,Miltenyi Biotech, Cat. No. 130-096-533) on a column (LS column, MiltenyiBiotech, Cat. No. 130-042-401) from the PBMCs. The CD4+ T cells obtainedin this manner were sown in 96-well plates (flat bottom, Costar, Cat.No. 3599) at a cell density of 5×10⁴ CD4+ T cells/well. This assay, too,was carried out using complete medium. The compounds of the generalformula (I) were subjected to serial dilution in a constant volume of100% DMSO and employed in the assay at 9 different concentrations in therange from 1 μM to 1 nM such that the final DMSO concentration was 0.1%DMSO. The cells were preincubated with the respective concentration ofthe compounds of the general formula (I) in an incubator for 30 minutes.A Th17 differentiation cocktail consisting of anti-CD3/anti-CD28 beads(2500 beads per 50 000 cells; T cell activation kit, Miltenyi Biotech,Cat. No. 130-091-441), recombinant human (rh) IL-23 (20 ng/ml;eBioscience, Cat. No. 14-8239-63), rhIL-1beta (20 ng/ml; eBioscience,Cat. No. 34-8018), rhIL-6 (20 ng/ml; eBioscience, Cat. No. 34-8069) andrhIL-2 (100 IU/ml; eBioscience, Cat. No. SRP3085), with the aid of whichthe CD4+ T cells differentiated to Th17 cells over 6 days and weresimultaneously stimulated to produce IL-17, was then added. After 6 daysof cultivation in the incubator the cell culture supernatants wereremoved and analysed using a commercial hIL-17 ELISA (human IL-17a ELISAReady-SET-Go, eBiosciences, Cat. No. 88-7176-88), which was carried outaccording to the instructions of the manufacturer. The results of theinhibition of Th17 cell differentiation and thus ultimately also IL-17production are shown by way of example for Example Compound 12 in FIG.2.

In Vitro TLR7/8- or TLR9-Induced IFN-α Production of Human PlasmacytoidDendritic Cells (pDCs)

With the aid of this test, the effect of the compounds of the generalformula (I) on the production of IFN-α (interferon-alpha), a keycytokine in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (Mathian etal., Arthritis Rheum, 2009; Crow M. K., Rheum Dis Clin N Am, 2010), canbe studied in human pDCs. For this purpose, as described above, humanPBMCs were isolated from whole blood and the plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs)were isolated therefrom with the aid of a commercially available cellseparation kit (Miltenyi Biotech, Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell IsolationKit II, Cat. No. 130-097-415) The pDCs thus obtained were resuspended incomplete medium (RPMI 1640+GlutaMax [Gibco, Cat. No. 61870-010]supplemented with 10% FBS [Gibco, Cat. No. 10493-106] and 50 Upenicillin/streptomycin [Gibco, Cat. No. 15140-114]) and plated out in acell density of 5×10⁴ cells/well in a 96-well microtitre plate (Costar,Cat. No. 3599). The compounds of the general formula (I) were subjectedto serial dilution in a constant volume of 100% DMSO and used in theassay at 9 different concentrations in the range from 10 μM to 1 nM. Itwas ensured here that the DMSO concentration present was always 0.1%DMSO for each of the 9 concentrations used. There was a 30-minutepreincubation of the pDCs with the compounds of the general formula (I).The pDCs were stimulated either with a TLR7/8 ligand (imiquimod, R837,Invivogen, Cat. No. tlrl-imq) or with a TLR9 ligand (CPG-A, ODN2216,Invivogen, Cat. No. tlrl-2216-1) and this led to activation of theIRAK-4-mediated signalling pathways. After incubation for 24 hours, thecell culture supernatants were removed and analysed by means of acommercially available human IFN-α ELISA (IFNalpha Multi-Subtype ELISAKit, pbl Assay Science, Cat. No. 41105-1). The results of the inhibitionof IFN-α in human plasmacytoid DCs are shown by way of example forExample Compound 12 in FIG. 3.

In Vivo Model of TLR-Mediated Inflammation

The compounds of the general formula (I) were examined for their in vivoefficacy in a model of in vivo TLR-mediated inflammation. Thismechanistic model particularly shows the potential effect of thecompounds of the general formula (I) on TLR4-mediated disorders, sincean LPS-mediated inflammation model was used. In this model, female NMRImice (about 6 weeks old; Charles River Laboratories, Germany) weredivided into groups of 5 animals each. The healthy control group wastreated with the vehicle (ethanol-peanut oil 10:90 v/v) in which thesubstance had been dissolved (substance vehicle) and also with thevehicle in which the LPS had been dissolved. As well as the substratetreatment groups, the positive control group was also administeredintraperitoneally (i.p.) with 0.2 mg in each case of LPS/kg body weight(Sigma, Cat. No. L4391) (lipopolysaccharides from E. coli 0111:B4). Inaddition, the positive control group was treated with the substancevehicle described above. The substance was administered orally 1 hourbefore induction of inflammation by administration of LPS. To examinethe effect of the compounds of the general formula (I) on theinflammation, a final blood sample was taken from the animals after 1.5hours. The concentration of the cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in the plasmawas determined using the mouse TNF-α and mouse IL-6 Ready-SET-Go ELISAKits (eBioscience, mTNFα Cat. No. 88-7324-88, mIL-6 Cat. No. 88-7064-88)in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. IRAK4 inhibitors areeffective in the TLR-mediated inflammation model. Application of LPSleads to a rapid induction of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-αand IL-6 in the plasma, which is inhibited in a dose-dependent manner bytreatment with the compounds of the general formula (I). This is shownby way of example for Compound 12 and 11 in FIG. 4. In some experiments,clinically relevant comparative substances were also tested in theanimal model for comparison of inhibitory effectiveness, such as, forexample the TNF antagonists adalimumab (Humira®) or etanercept, both ofwhich were in each case administered subcutaneously 1 h prior toinduction of the inflammation with LPS at dosages of 1.5 mg/kg, 5 mg/kgand 10 mg/kg.

In Vivo Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis Model

To determine the anti-inflammatory activity of the compounds of thegeneral formula (I), they were examined for their in vivo efficacy in anarthritis model. For this purpose, male Lewis rats (about 100-125 g,Charles River Laboratories, Germany) were each administeredsubcutaneously with 100 μl of a complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)solution (M. tuberculosis H37Ra [Difo Lab, Cat. No. −231141] dissolvedin Incomplete Freund's adjuvant [Difco Lab, Cat. No. −263910]) into thetailhead on day 0. There were n=8 rats in each group. Both a healthycontrol group and a disease control group were included in the study.Each control group was given p.o. treatment only with the vehicle(Cremophor-ethanol-water 40:10:50 v/v/v) of the test substance either ina preventative manner (from day 0) or in a therapeutic manner (from day9). The treatment with different dosages of the test substance likewisestarted either in a preventative manner or in a therapeutic manner byoral application. On day 0, the starting condition of the animals wasdetermined beforehand in terms of the disease activity scores (rating ofthe severity of arthritis based on a points system). In this pointssystem (score), according to the extent of joint inflammation, pointswere awarded from 0 to 4 for the presence of an erythema including jointswelling (0=none; 1=slight; 2=moderate; 3=distinct; 4=severe) for bothhind paws and added up. To determine the anti-inflammatory efficacy ofthe compounds, the disease status of the animals was scored by means ofdisease activity scoring starting from day 8, when the animals firstexhibit signs of arthritis, and subsequently 3 times per week, until theend (day 20). In addition, during the course of the experiment, the gripstrength of the animals was determined as a measure for hyperalgesiausing an automatic grip strength test meter (IITC Life Science Inc.,USA). As a measure for joint swelling, the volume of the paws wasmeasured, too, via plethysometer (IITC Life Science Inc., USA) as ameasure for joint swelling. On day 20, the experiment was terminated anda magnetic resonance imaging scan was carried out in the MRT (magneticresonance tomograph; MAGNETOM Avanto syngo MR B17, Siemens, Germany)under inhalative anaesthesia (isoflurane) using the MRT sequence STIR(short-tau inversion recovery for fat signal suppression and for thedetection of oedema) as imaging method for analysing the degree ofseverity of the arthritis. Furthermore, inter alia, the synovial fluidwas obtained from the arthritic joints by intraarticular rinsing of theknee joint with 150 μl of sterile saline and examined for the cytokineconcentrations present using a commercial multiplex ELISA instrumentfrom Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) (proinflammatory panel 1; Cat. No.K15059D-1). Knee joint biopsies were then used for analysing cytokineconcentrations (by multiplex-ELISA from MSD) or CRP levels (ratC-reactive protein, Cat. No. 557825, BD Bioscience) or elastase activity(as a measure for neutrophile infiltration) in the tissue or examinedhistopathologically for symptoms of inflammation in the synovia and inthe intra- and periarticular tissue. To this end, knee joint biopsieswere pulverized in a cooled bead mill at −196° C. (CryoMill; RetschGmBH, Germany), in each case 200 mg were dissolved in the appropriatebuffer for cytokine analyses (in 0.5 ml of RPMI1640 medium, Gibco) orfor elastase activity (in 1 ml of homogenate buffer [pH 7.0; storageroom temperature; 5 g of 5% hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, 2.09 gof 10 mM MOPS, add 900 ml of aqua bidest at 30-35° ]). For thequantification of the protease activity of neutrophile elastase (NE), afluorescent-labelled substrate [MeOSuc-AAPV-AMC(N-methoxysuccinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin), Cat. No.1-1270, Bachem, Germany] with high specificity for NE (Castillo et al.,1979; Wiesner et al., 2005) was used. Recombinant murine NE (Cat. No.4517-SE-010, R&D Systems, Germany; dissolved in homogenate buffer, seeabove) was used as standard curve, and the homogenate buffer as blankvalue. For the elastase assay, in each case 25 μl of joint homogenatewere used and pipetted into a black 96-well microtitter plate (flatbottom, NUNC, Germany) and then mixed with 25 μl of a 1 mMMeOSuc-AAPV-AMC substrate solution in cold TrisBSA buffer (0.1% BSA[fraction V], 0.1 M tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, 1 M NaCl in 1 litreof water; pH 8.5; storage at 4° C.). Using a pre-warmed plate reader(SpectraMax M2, Molecular Devices) the fluorescence in the microtitterplate was measured after 30 min at 37° C. and λ_(Ex)=380 nm andλ_(Em)=460 nm, and the amount of neutrophil elastase was calculatedusing the NE standard curve by means of the software SoftmaxPro 6.4. Forthe histopathological assessment, in turn, a score was used which,depending on the extent of the damage of the respective parameter inquestion (inflammation, cartilage damage, synovial hyperplasia, pannus,bone damage, periosteal changes), awards points from 0 to 4 (0=none;1=slight; 2=moderate; 3=significant; 4=massive) for the presence or theseverity of the pathological joint damage. Statistical analysis waseffected using single-factor variance analysis (ANOVA) and comparisonwith the control group by means of multiple comparative analysis(Dunnett's test).

The s.c. administration of CFA in rats leads to acute arthritis withdistinct joint inflammation in rats. In an exemplary manner, this ratarthritis model represents joint inflammation in cases of humanarthritides such as psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, reactivearthritis and Bechterew disease (Bendele, J Musculoskel Neuron Interact2001; McCann et al., Arthritis Res Ther, 2010). By preventative, butalso therapeutic, treatment with the Example Compound 11, it waspossible to markedly inhibit the adjuvant-induced arthritis, and thehistological and MRI data in particular indicate a disease modifyingaction like that of a DMARD (disease-modifying antirheumatic drug). Thisis illustrated by FIG. 5. In some experiments, the clinically relevantcomparative substance, i.e. the TNF antagonist etanercept (10 mg/kg or25 mg/kg from day 0), which was administered subcutaneously every thirdday, was also tested in the animal model for comparison of theinhibitory effectiveness.

In Vivo Collagen Antibody-Induced Arthritis Model in Mice

The anti-inflammatory effect of the compounds of the general formula (I)was examined in a further murine arthritis model. For this purpose,female Balb/c mice (about 9 weeks old, Charles River Laboratories,Kingston, Canada) were each injected intravenously on day 0 with 200 μlof a collagen antibody cocktail (10 mg/ml; ArthritoMab, MD Bioproducts)into the tail vein (except for the healthy control group included in thestudy). On day 6, these mice then each received a furtherintraperitoneal injection of 200 μl of LPS. There were n=10 mice in eachgroup. Both a healthy control group and a disease control group wereincluded in the study. Each control group was given p.o. treatment onlywith the vehicle (ethanol:peanut oil 10:90 v/v) of the test substance ina preventative manner (i.e. from day 0) or in a therapeutic manner (fromday 9). The treatment with different dosages of the test substancelikewise started in a preventative manner or in a therapeutic manner byoral administration. Over the course of the experiment, the extent ofdisease was scored on the basis of the points award system for thedisease activity score on all four paws. In this awarding of points, nopoints are awarded for a healthy paw, whereas points from 1 [mildinflammation, for example, of the toe(s)] to 4 [severe inflammationextending over the entire paw] are awarded in each case for theparticular extent of joint inflammation that has arisen from the toesthrough the metatarsal joint to the ankle joint, as explained asfollows:

-   -   0=normal    -   1=erythema and mild swelling limited to the tarsal or ankle or        toes    -   2=erythema and mild swelling extending from the ankle to the        metatarsus (2 segments)    -   3=erythema and moderate swelling extending from the ankle as far        as the metatarsal joints    -   4=erythema and severe swelling encompassing the metatarsus, foot        and toes.

At the same time, in the course of the experiment, the paw volume wasmeasured via plethysometer (IITC Life Science Inc., USA) as a measure ofthe joint swelling. For this parameter, the starting condition wasdetermined beforehand in each case one day before the start of theexperiment (day −1) and the disease activity score and the paw volumewere subsequently scored three times per week from day 8 onwards. On day21, the experiment was terminated and knee joint biopsies were examinedfor histopathological analyses of inflammation symptoms in the synoviaand in the intra- and periarticular tissue. For the histopathologicalassessment, likewise, a score was used which, depending on the extent ofthe damage of the respective parameter in question (inflammation,cartilage damage, synovial hyperplasia, pannus, bone damage, periostealchanges), awards points from 0 to 4 (0=none; 1=slight; 2=moderate;3=significant; 4=massive) for the presence or the severity of thepathological joint damage. Statistical analysis was effected usingsingle-factor variance analysis (ANOVA) and comparison with the controlgroup by means of multiple comparative analysis (Dunnett's test).

The i.v. administration of a collagen antibody cocktail including thesubsequent i.p. administration of LPS in mice leads to acute arthritiswith distinct joint inflammation in mice (Holmdahl et al., APMIS 1989;McCann et al., Arthritis Res Ther, 2010) and thus represents a furtheranimal model for the arthritic indications psoriatic arthritis,rheumatoid arthritis, reactive arthritis and Bechterew disease. Bypreventative, but also therapeutic, treatment with the Example Compound12, it was possible to markedly inhibit this collagen antibody-inducedarthritis, and the histopathological data of the hind paw jointsindicate disease-modifying action. This is illustrated by FIG. 6.

In Vivo MOG₃₃₋₃₅-Induced Chronic EAE (Experimental AutoimmuneEncephalomyelitis) Model in the Mouse

To determine the anti-inflammatory activity of the compounds of thegeneral formula (I), these were examined in an experimental animal modelof multiple sclerosis (MS) for their in vivo efficacy. The chronicMOG₃₃₋₃₅ (myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein)-induced EAE (experimentalautoimmune encephalomyelitis) model is the standard animal model fortesting pharmacological substances for potential use in MS patients. Tothis end, female C57BL/6 mice (19-20 g; Jackson Laboratories, BarHarbor, USA) were randomized and used at a group strength of 10 to 15animals per group. Using a subcutaneous injection of in each case 0.1 mlof solution comprising 200 g of MOG₃₃₋₃₅ peptide emulsified in 100 ofCFA (complete freund adjuvant; 2 mg/ml) supplemented with Mycobacteriumtuberculosis (MT; 8 mg/ml, strain H37RA), on day 0 the EAE disorder wasinduced with additional intraperitoneal administration (day 0 and day 2)of 200 ng of pertussis toxin (PTx; dissolved in 0.1 ml of PBS (2 g/ml)),and its progression was monitored over 34 days. The experiment alsocomprised both a healthy control group and a disease control group, bothof which had been treated p.o. with the vehicle (ethanol:peanut oil10:90 v/v) of the Example Compound 12. Instead, the treatment groupsreceived different daily doses of the Example Compound 12 aspreventative therapy, i.e. from day 0, by oral administration.Parameters such as incidence rate and symptoms of an EAE were checkeddaily. Here, the EAE symptoms were scored using a point system whichrepresents the degree of severity of the disorder (EAE disease activityscore):

-   -   0=normal, healthy    -   1=limp/paralysed mouse tail    -   2=limp/paralysed mouse tail and weakness in the hind paws    -   3=limp/paralysed mouse tail and complete paralysis of the hind        paws    -   4=paralysed tail, complete paralysis of the hind paws and        partial paralysis of the front paws    -   5=complete paralysis of all front and hind paws, euthanasia

On day 34 after EAE induction, the experiment was terminated and, interalia, blood was withdrawn from the mice for subsequent biomarkeranalysis, and spinal marrow was withdrawn for histopathologicalassessment of neuroaxial degeneration and lymphocyte infiltration. Forthe histopathological assessment of the degree of severity of thedisorder, the spinal marrow was stained with haematoxylin, eosin andluxol fast blue, and neuroaxial degeneration, lymphocyte infiltrationinto the white matter and lymphocyte infiltration into the grey matterwas then scored blind using a point system (0=normal, no findings;1=minimal findings; 2=slight findings; 3=moderate findings;4=significant findings; 5=severe findings). The statistical analysis wascarried out using the monofactorial variance analysis ANOVA and thecomparison with the control group by multiple comparative analysis(Dunnett test). By treatment with the Example Compound 12, it waspossible to inhibit induced EAE, an experimental model for MS. Here, theexample compound was comparable or even superior to the efficacy of asteroid (prednisolone; 1 mg/kg daily p.o. from day 0) or teriflunomide(Aubagio; 10 mg/kg daily p.o. from day 0) which were also tested in theexperiment as clinical comparative substances. This is illustrated inFIG. 7.

In Vivo Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis Model in the Mouse

The compounds of the general formula (I) were examined for theiranti-inflammatory effects in an animal model of psoriasis. In mice,topical administration of imiquimod (IMQ) a TLR7/8 ligand and potentimmune activator, leads to a psoriasis-like phenotype on the skin. Thus,over 7 days, each day 3.5 mg of imiquimod (equivalent to 70 mg of 5%Aldara® cream, Meda AB) were applied topically to mice onto the skin ofthe back, which had been shaved beforehand, and to both ears (outside).A healthy control group, which was also tested, received paraffin oilinstead. Subsequently, the IMQ disease control, like the healthy controlgroup, were treated preventatively, i.e. from day 0, orally (p.o.) dailywith the vehicle (Solutol HS15-water (40/60 v/v)) of the test compound.The daily p.o. treatment with different dosages of the test compound wasalso initiated on day 0. In each case, the group size was n=10 animals.During the experiment, the manifestation of the psoriasis was assessedvisually every day by means of a point system using the clinical scoresdescribed below:

Thickness of the Score Erythema Flaking skin (back) 0 none none normal 1slight slight slight 2 moderate moderate moderate 3 marked marked marked4 considerable considerable considerable

Parallel thereto, every day the skin of the back and both ears wasmeasured with respect to thickness and/or formation of oedema using adigital caliper (Kutimeter; Horex Digital Caliper, Helios-Preisser,Germany). Every 2 days, the body weight of each mouse was checked. Onday 7, the experiment was terminated and, after the animals had beensacrificed, the skin of the back and the ears were fixed in formalin forsubsequent histopathological assessment. This histopathologicalassessment of the ear and the skin of the back after haematoxylin/eosinstaining of the paraffin skin sections (2 m) in a microtome (Leica,Germany) was carried out by a pathologist, in blinded form. Here, thefollowing aspects were examined and assessed for their degree ofseverity by means of a point system (for each parameter examined):parakeratosis (impaired cornification characterized by cell nuclei orcell nuclei residues remaining in the horny layer)/hyperkeratosis(excessive cornification of the skin) and infiltration of immune cellsinto the dermis or epidermis. Here, each histological parameter examinedwas assessed as follows:

-   -   0=normal    -   1=slight change    -   2=moderate change    -   3=significant change

All histological parameters were then added up and represented as atotal histology score. In addition, the thickness of the epidermis inthe skin section was measured. The IMQ-mediated skin inflammation in themouse represents an animal model for the indication psoriasis or for theskin phenotype in psoriatic arthritis (van der Fits et al., J Immunol2009). By treatment with the Example Compound 12, it was possible toinhibit induced psoriasis. Here, the example compound was comparable oreven superior to the efficacy of a steroid (Betamethasone, Celestene®;2.5 mg/kg daily p.o.) or of a TNF antagonist (etanercept; 5 mg/kg everyother day i.p.), which were also tested in the experiment, as clinicalcomparative substances. This is illustrated by FIG. 8.

In Vivo DNFB-Induced Skin Inflammation Model in the Mouse

The model of the DNFB (2,4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene)-induced allergiccontact dermatitis (contact allergy) in the mouse represents aninflammatory skin disorder with the background of an immune reaction ofthe delayed type (delayed-type hypersensitivity; DTH) mainly mediated byT-helper lymphocytes of type 1 (Th1 cells). This Th1-mediatedinflammatory reaction of the skin represents an example of theinflammatory processes during psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis andallergic contact eczema (Roese et al., Exp Dermatol. 2012). Fortriggering the skin inflammations, female NMRI mice (22-24 g, CharlesRiver, Germany) were sensitized beforehand, on day 0 and day 1, on theshaved skin of the back (area about 10 cm²) using in each case 25 μl ofa 0.5% strength (w/v) DNFB solution (2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene, Cat. No.70-34-8, Sigma Aldrich, Germany; dissolved in acetone/olive oil; 4/1;v/v). In each case, the group size was n=10 mice. The skin inflammationwas then triggered on day 5 by topical application of in each case 20 μlof a 0.3% strength (w/v) DNFB solution (in acetone/olive oil; 4/1; v/v)to the outside of both ears (area per ear about 2 cm²). Both a healthycontrol group (“sensitization and triggering” only with the solventacetone/olive oil [4/1; v/v]), a disease control group (sensitizationand triggering with DNFB) and an irritation control (sensitisation onlywith solvent, triggering with DNFB) were also tested in the experiment.These control groups were only treated, 1 h prior to triggering the skininflammation, with the vehicle (ethanol:peanut oil, 10:90 v/v) of thetest substance, p.o., the treatment groups received the appropriatedosage of the test substance, likewise orally. On day 6 (24 hours aftertriggering the inflammation), the ear thickness was determinedindividually for each ear using a digital caliper, and the weight of theears of each mouse was determined. By subsequent analyses in earhomogenates obtained by homogenization (automatic homogenizer producedby Feinmechanik-Werkstatt, Bayer AG, Germany) of the ears in 1.5 ml ofhomogenate buffer for 20 see with subsequent centrifugation (15 000 rpm;12° C., 20 min) and removal of the supernatants, it was possible todetermine, inter alia, elastase activity as a measure for theinfiltration of neutrophils into the inflamed tissue. In order toquantify the protease activity of neutrophil elastase (NE), afluorescently labelled substrate (MeOSuc-AAPV-AMC; Cat. No. I-1270,Bachem, Germany), which is highly specific for NE (Castillo et al.,1979; Wiesner et al., 2005), was used. Here, recombinant murine NE (Cat.No. 4517-Se-010, R&D Systems, Germany; dissolved in homogenate buffer)was used as standard curve and the homogenate buffer was used as blankvalue. For the elastase assay, in each case 25 μl of ear homogenate wereused and pipetted into a black 96-well microtitter plate (flat bottom,NUNC, Germany) and then mixed with 25 μl of a 1 mM MeOSuc-AAPV-AMCsubstrate solution in cold TrisBSA buffer. Using a prewarmed platereader (SpectraMax M2, Molecular Devices) the fluorescence in themicrotitter plate was measured after 30 min at 37° C. and λ_(Ex)=380 nmand λ_(Em)=460 nm and the amount of neutrophil elastase was calculatedwith the software SoftmaxPro 6.4, using the NE standard curve.

By treatment with the Example Compound 11 and the Example Compound 12,it was possible to inhibit the ThH1-mediated skin inflammation triggeredby DNFB. This is shown in FIG. 9.

In Vivo TMA-Induced Skin Inflammation Model in the Mouse

The model of the TMA (trimellitic anhydride)-induced allergic contactdermatitis (contact allergy) in the mouse represents an inflammatoryskin disorder with the background of an immune reaction of the delayedtype (delayed-type hypersensitivity; DTH) mainly mediated by eosinophilsand T-helper lymphocytes of type 2 (THh2 cells). This Th2-mediatedinflammatory reaction of the skin represents an example of theinflammatory processes during atopic dermatitis and during contactallergy (Sur et al., BMC Complement Altern Med. 2015). For triggeringthe skin inflammations, female NMRI mice (22-24 g, Charles River,Germany) were sensitized beforehand, on day 0, on the shaved skin of theback (area about 10 cm²) using in each case 50 μl of a 3% strength (w/v)TMA solution (Cat. No. 552-30-7, Sigma Aldrich, Germany; dissolved inacetone/isopropyl myristate; 4/1; v/v). In each case, the group size wasn=10 mice. The skin inflammation was then triggered on day 5 by topicalapplication of in each case 10 μl of a 3% strength (w/v) TMA solution(in acetone/isopropyl myristate; 4/1; v/v) to the outside of both ears(area per ear about 2 cm²). Both a healthy control group (“sensitizationand triggering” only with the solvent acetone/isopropyl myristate [4/1;v/v]) and a disease control group (sensitization and triggering withTMA) were also tested in the experiment. Whereas these control groupswere only treated, 1 h prior to triggering the skin inflammation, withthe vehicle (ethanol:peanut oil 10:90 v/v) of the test substance, p.o.,the treatment groups received the appropriate dosage of the testsubstance, likewise orally. On day 6 (24 hours after triggering theinflammation) the ear thickness was determined individually for each earusing a digital caliper, and the weight of the ears of each mouse wasdetermined. By subsequent analyses in ear homogenates, which can beobtained as described above, it is possible to determine, inter alia,elastase activity as a measure for the infiltration of neutrophils intoinflamed tissue, as described above (under “DNFB-induced skin model”).By treatment with the Example Compound 12, it was possible to inhibitthe Th2-mediated skin inflammation, triggered by TMA. This is shown inFIG. 10 using the parameter ear thickness (delta ear thickness=earthickness day 6 minus original ear thickness), which represents oedemaformation during the course of the inflammation.

In Vivo DSS-Induced Colitis Model in the Mouse

To determine the anti-inflammatory potential of the compounds of thegeneral formula (I), these compounds are assessed in an animal model ofintestinal inflammation, the DSS (dextran sodium sulphate)-inducedcolitis model. Administration of DSS via the drinking water tosusceptible mice leads to the development of an acute intestinalinflammation (colitis) with typical clinical symptoms such as bloodydiarrhoea, weight loss, formation of oedema in the colon. It is thus anexperimental animal model for IBD (inflammatory bowel disease) whichcomprises the indications Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (Okaysuet al., Gastroenterol, 1990; Dieleman et al., Gastroenterol, 1994). MaleC57BL/6 mice (6-8 weeks; Charles River, USA; n=10-12 mice/group)receive, from day 0 up to and including day 5, 3% strength DSS (35-48kDa; Cat. No. DB001; TDB Consultancy AB, Sweden), daily freshlyprepared, via the drinking water for triggering colitis. A healthycontrol group (n=8 mice), which is also tested, receives normal drinkingwater instead. In each case, the control groups (healthy control andcolitis disease control) are only treated with the vehicle(ethanol:peanut oil 10:90 v/v) of the test substance, p.o. Treatmentwith the various dosages of the test substance is carried outpreventatively, i.e. from day 0, by oral administration with the firstDSS dose. Here, during the course of the experiment, body weight and thepresence of possibly even bloody diarrhoea (assessment via point system[score] of 0-4 points, where 0=normal shaped stool, 1=soft shaped stool,2=soft unshaped stool, 3=aqueous stool/diarrhoea, 4=bloody diarrhoea)are assessed daily. Here, occult bloody stool is detected using ahaemoccult test (Cat. No. 3060; Beckman Coulter, Germany). In addition,on day 10 and day 16, a video endoscopy (Karl Storz Endoskope, Germany)is carried out under inhalative anaesthesia with isoflurane to assessthe severity of the colitis, where the extent of intestinal damage isassessed using a point system (score) of 0 to 4 points, as follows:

-   -   0=normal, healthy    -   1=loss of vascularity    -   2=loss of vascularity, and friability    -   3=friability and erosions    -   4=ulcerations and bleeding

After the last endoscopy, the experiment is terminated, blood is removedvia the vena cava and the colon is examined for its length and itsweight, both of which represent, as indirect markers, acolitis-associated thickening of the intestinal wall which correlateswith the severity of the colitis. The intestine (one 2 cm piece eachfrom the distal and the proximal side) is additionally also analysedhistopathologically after fixation in formalin by haematoxylin/eosinstaining of paraffin sections. Induced DSS colitis in mice, anexperimental model for chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), wasable to be inhibited by treatment with example compound 12. The efficacyof example compound 12 was comparable to the efficacy of approvedbiologics (anti-IL-12p40 at 10 mg/kg Q3D [every third day] i.p. from day0 or anti-TNF Humira®[Adalimumab] at 10 mg/kg Q3D s.c. from day 0),which were included in the experiment as clinically relevant referencesubstances. This is illustrated in FIG. 12.

In Vivo Pristane-Induced SLE Model in the Mouse

To determine the anti-inflammatory activity of the compounds of thegeneral formula (I), the compounds are assessed in an SLE (systemiclupus erythematosus)-model for their in vivo efficacy. Pristane, amineral oil (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane), leads, after injectioninto mice, to systemic lupus erythematosus with characteristic organinvolvement (e.g. nephritis, mild erosive arthritis), typicalauto-antibody production, for example anti-double strand (ds) DNAantibodies (Leiss et al., Lupus 2013) and dependency on type 1interferon (e.g. IFN-alpha) and TLR signals, as described in men (Satohet al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1995; Thibault et al., Arthritis ResTher. 2009; Thibault et al., J Clin Invest. 2008; Wu et al., ActaPharmacol Sin. 2015; Hagberg and Rönnblom, Scand J Immunol, 2015). Thus,on day 0, in each case 500 μl of pristane (Sigma, Cat. No. 1921-70-6)are administered intraperitoneally to female Balb/c mice (20-22 g,Charles River Laboratories, USA). In each case, the group size is n=10mice. Both a healthy control group and a disease control group are alsotested in the experiment. Both control groups are treated only with thevehicle (ethanol:peanut oil 10:90 v/v) of the test substance, p.o.Treatment with various dosages of the test substance is carried outpreventatively, i.e. from day 0, by oral administration about 1 h afterthe pristane injection. Additionally, on day 0, the baseline of theanimals with respect to the protein status in urine (proteinuriameasured using Coomassie brilliant blue G 250 with BSA [bovine serumalbumine] as reference), the auto-antibody concentration (e.g.anti-dsDNA) and the creatinine values in the serum and the paw volume(using a plethysometer) are determined. During the course of theexperiment, these parameters are then monitored: paw volume every week,protein status in the urine and auto-antibodies and creatinine in theserum in week 2, 4 and 6 after pristane injection. Six weeks aftertriggering of SLE by pristane, the experiment is terminated and thekidneys are fixated in 10% neutral-buffered formalin forhistopathological assessment and subsequently 5-μm-paraffin sections areassessed pathologically by staining with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E).Here, the histological findings are assessed and classified using apoint system (0=healthy, 1=minimal changes of the kidney tissue,2=slight changes, 3=moderate changes, 4=marked changes of the kidneytissue). Lupus nephritis as a crucial characteristic in pristane-inducedSLE was able to be inhibited by treatment with example compound 12.Example compound 12 was slightly superior to the immunosuppressantcyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg once per week p.o. from day 0), which wasincluded in the experiment as clinical reference substance. This isillustrated in FIG. 11 by the assessment of renal pathology.

In Vivo PLP₁₃₉₋₁₅₁-Induced Relapsing-Remitting EAE Model in the Mouse

To determine the anti-inflammatory potential of the compounds of thegeneral formula (I), these compounds are assessed in arelapsing-remitting animal model of MS for their in vivo efficacy fortherapeutic treatment of an acute MS episode or for preventing newepisodes. The relapsing-remitting PLP₁₃₉₋₁₅₁(proteolipid-protein)-induced EAE model is a standard animal model fortesting pharmacological substances for potential use in MS patients. Fortriggering relapsing-remitting EAE, on day 0 on four different sides ofthe back of the mouse (2 in the upper neck region, 2 in the lower regionabout 2 cm cranial from the tail base), an emulsion containingPLP₁₃₉₋₁₅₁/CFA (Hooke Kit™ PLP₁₃₉₋₁₅₁/CFA Emulsion; Cat. No. EK-0120;Hooke Laboratories, Lawrence Mass., USA) is injected (0.05 ml/injectionsite) subcutaneously into female SJL mice (8-10 weeks old, JacksonLaboratories Bar Harbor, USA). A healthy control group (n=5 mice), whichis also tested, is not immunized. In addition to this control group, anEAE disease control is also tested in the experiment. During the courseof the study, both control groups are treated with the vehicle(ethanol:peanut oil 10:90 v/v) of the test substance p.o. The daily p.o.treatment with different dosages of the test substance or its vehicle iscarried out therapeutically during the first episode or after theepisode. Here, the therapeutic treatment after onset of EAE (firstepisode; treatment start day 12) serves to determine the possibility oftreating an acute MS episode, whereas the therapeutic treatment with theexample compound after the first episode (treatment start day 19) isintended to find out to what extent the test substance can prevent a newepisode. In this PLP₁₃₉₋₁₅₁-induced EAE model, first EAE symptoms appearabout day 11. From day 9, the clinical EAE symptoms are assessed daily,blinded, assessment being carried out using a point system (score;points from 0=healthy to 5=moribund) which represents the severity ofthe disorder (same score index as in the MOG-EAE model). Also monitoredduring the course of the study are body weight and mortality.

FIG. 1: Inhibition of IL-23 in human monocyte-generated DCs for ExampleCompound 12. Data are shown as mean values with standard deviations.

FIG. 2: Inhibition of 6-day Th17 cell differentiation measured by theproduction of IL-17 after stimulation of (− human CD4+ T cells withanti-CD3/anti-CD28/rhIL-23/rhIL-6/rhl-1beta/rhIL-2 (TH17 celldifferentiation cocktail), shown in an exemplary manner for ExampleCompound 12 for 2 donors (A, B). Data are shown as mean values withstandard deviations.

FIG. 3: Inhibition of INF-α in (A) imiquimod (R837, TLR7/8 ligand)- or(B) CpG-A-(TLR9 ligand)-stimulated human plasmacytoid DCs for ExampleCompound 12. Data are shown as mean values with standard deviations.

FIG. 4: (A) Treatment of an LPS-induced inflammation with ExampleCompound 12 leads to a reduced amount of secreted TNFα and IL-6 in theplasma of the mice. (B) Inhibition of TNFα by Example Compound 11 and 12is in this case comparable to clinically relevant TNF-antagonists[adalimumab (Humira®), etanercept]. Data are shown as mean values withstandard deviations. Single-factor ANOVA variance analysis withsubsequent multiple comparative analysis with the LPS control group bymeans of Dunnett's test; *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001; ****p<0.0001.

FIG. 5: Anti-inflammatory effects of Example Compound 11 in an animalmodel of arthritis (adjuvant-induced rat model). Significant anddose-dependent inhibition of arthritic joint inflammation after (A)prophylactic (from day 0) treatment in comparison to the clinicallyrelevant comparative substance etanercept and after (B) therapeutictreatment (>day 9) was measured using the Disease Activity Scores. (C)histopathological analysis of the joints after preventative treatment bymeans of haematoxylin/eosin staining confirmed this, as did (D) theimaging process by MRI (magnetic resonance imaging). (E) in addition,marked inhibition of hyperalgesia, measured via the grip strength of themice, was observed during the course of the experiments. Ex vivoanalyses of the synovial fluid (F) and the arthritic hind paws (G)showed significant inhibition of cytokine concentrations by treatmentwith Example Compound 11. The data corresponds to the meanvalues+standard deviations. Single-factor ANOVA variance analysis withsubsequent multiple comparative analysis with the CFA control group bymeans of Dunnett's test; *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001; ****p<0.0001.Abbreviations:

Figures (A) and (B): “Score” means disease activity score; “days” meansdays after induction of arthritis; Etanerc.—etanercept; ctrl.—healthycontrol; CFA ctrl.—arthritis control. Figure C: “Score” means“Histopathology Score”.

Figure D:

I=ctrl. (healthy control)II=CFA ctrl. (arthritis control)III=CFA+200 mg/kg #11 (treatment with IRAK4 inhibitor example 11)

Figure E: “%” means grip strength; “days” means days after induction ofarthritis.

FIG. 6: Anti-inflammatory effects of Example Compound 12 in an animalmodel of arthritis (collagen antibody-induced mouse model, CAIA).Significant and dose-dependent inhibition of arthritic jointinflammation after prophylactic (day 0) (A) and therapeutic treatment(>day 9) (B) measured using the Disease Activity Scores. (C)histopathological analysis of the arthritic joints by haematoxylin/eosinstaining confirmed the anti-inflammatory activity after therapeutictreatment. Inhibition of arthritis by Example Compound 12. The datacorresponds to the mean values+standard deviations. The statisticalsignificances between collagen antibody (AK) control and the treatmentgroups were calculated by means of single-factor ANOVA variance analysiswith subsequent multiple comparative analysis (Dunnett's test) (*p<0.05;**p<0.01; ***p<0.001; ****p<0.0001). Abbreviations: Figures (A) and (B)“Score” means disease activity score; “days” means days after arthritisinduction; ctrl.—healthy control; CAIA—arthritis control. Figure C“Score” means “histopathology score”.

FIG. 7: Anti-inflammatory action of the Example Compound 12 in an animalmodel of multiple sclerosis (MOG₃₃₋₃₅-induced EAE mouse model) incomparison to teriflunomide and prednisolone. Significant anddose-dependent inhibition of the clinical severity of the disorder (EAEdisease activity score) (A), of the incidence rate of the disorder (B)and of the histopathological damage of the spinal marrow (C), assessedby neuroaxial degeneration (degeneration, neuroaxonal, white matter) andlymphocyte infiltration into the white matter (infiltrate,lymphohitiocytic, white matter) or into the grey matter (cortex;infiltrate, lymphohitiocytic, grey matter) after treatment with Compound12. The data correspond to mean values+standard deviations. Thestatistical significances between MOG-EAE control and the treatmentgroups were calculated by means of single-factor ANOVA variance analysiswith subsequent multiple comparative analysis (Dunnett's test) (*p<0.05;**p<0.01;***p<0.001; ****p<0.0001). Abbreviations: Figure A “Score”means EAE disease activity score; “days” means days after EAE induction;ctrl.—healthy control; MOG-EAE-EAE control Figure B, “%” means EAEdisease prevalence; “days” means days after EAE induction. Figure C“Score” means histopathological score with respect to neuroaxonaldegeneration in the white matter. Figure D “Score” meanshistopathological score with respect to lymphohistiocytic infiltrates inthe white matter. Figure E “Score” means histopathological score withrespect to lymphohistiocytic infiltrates in the grey matter.

FIG. 8: The anti-inflammatory action of Example Compound 12 in an animalmodel of the psoriasis (IMQ-induced mouse model). Significant inhibitionof the clinical score (A) which comprises the clinical symptomserythema, flaking and thickness of the skin on the back and of thehistopathological assessment of the ears (B) or of the skin of the back(C), which assesses the pathological parameters parakeratosis,inflammation and exocytosis. The data correspond to the meanvalues+standard deviations. The statistical significances between IMQcontrol and the treatment groups were calculated by means ofsingle-factor ANOVA variance analysis with subsequent multiplecomparative analysis (Dunnett's test) (*p<0.05; **p<0.01;***p<0.001;****p<0.0001). Abbreviations: Etanerc.—etanercept;Betameth—betamethasone; po—per oral; ip—intraperitoneal injection;bid—twice daily; q2d—every other day.

FIG. 9: Anti-inflammatory effects of Example Compound 12 in an animalmodel of TH1-mediated skin inflammation (DNFB-induced skin inflammationmodel in the mouse). Significant and dose-dependent inhibition of theskin inflammation as evidenced by the ear weight (in mg), whichcorrelates with oedema formation during the inflammation. Thestatistical significances between DNFB-control and the treatment groupswere calculated by means of single-factor ANOVA variance analysis withsubsequent multiple comparative analysis (Dunnett's test) (*p<0.05;**p<0.01;***p<0.001; ****p<0.0001). Abbreviations: “mg” on the y-axismeans ear weight; ctrl—healthy control; irritant—irritation control.

FIG. 10: Anti-inflammatory effects of Example Compound 12 in an animalmodel of TH2-mediated skin inflammation (TMA-induced skin inflammationmodel in the mouse). Inhibition of skin inflammation shown as anincrease of ear thickness (delta [delta] ear thickness in mm) incomparison to baselines. An increased ear thickness is seen as a measurefor the inflammation and represents oedema formation in the ear tissueduring the inflammation reaction. Abbreviations: “mm” on the y-axismeans the change (delta) in ear weight; ctrl—healthy control.

FIG. 11: The anti-inflammatory effect of example compound 12 in theanimal model of systemic lupus erythematosus (pristane-induced mousemodel). Significant inhibition of kidney damage shown byhistopathological assessments of kidneys. The data correspond to themean values+standard deviations. The statistical significances betweenSLE control and the treatment groups were calculated by means ofsingle-factor variance analysis ANOVA with subsequent multiplecomparative analysis (Dunnet's test) (*p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001;****p<0.0001). Abbreviations: “Score” means renal histopathology score;IRAK4i means IRAK4 inhibitor, example compound 11 here;CPA—cyclophosphamide; ctrl.—healthy control; 2×—twice daily.

FIG. 12: Anti-inflammatory effect of example compound 12 in IBD(Inflammatory Bowel Disease) animal model (DSS-induced colitis in mice).Significant inhibition of bowel inflammation including ulceration,determined by endoscopy on day 16. The endoscopic assessment was made bymeans of a scoring system with regard to the severity and extent ofcolon inflammation. The data correspond to the mean values+standarddeviations. The statistical significances between DSS control and thetreatment groups were calculated by means of single-factor varianceanalysis ANOVA with subsequent multiple comparative analysis (Dunnet'stest) (*p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001; ****p<0.0001). Abbreviations:“Score” means endoscopy score; αIL-12p40—anti-mouse IL-12p40 monoclonalantibody; IRAK4i means IRAK4 inhibitor, example compound 11 here;BID—twice daily; Q3D—every third day.

1: A method for treatment or prophylaxis of an autoimmune disorder,comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effectiveamount of a compound of formula (I)

wherein: R¹ is C₁-C₆-alkyl, wherein the C₁-C₆-alkyl radical isunsubstituted or mono- or polysubstituted identically or differently byhalogen, hydroxyl, an unsubstituted or mono- or poly-halogen-substitutedC₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, or an R⁶, R⁷SO₂, R⁷SO or R⁸O radical, or a groupselected from the group consisting of:

wherein * represents the bonding site of the group to the rest of themolecule; R² and R³ always have the same definition and are both eitherhydrogen or C₁-C₆-alkyl; R⁴ is halogen, cyano, an unsubstituted or asingly or multiply, identically or differently substituted C₁-C₆-alkylor an unsubstituted or a singly or multiply, identically or differentlysubstituted C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, and the substituents are selected from thegroup consisting of halogen and hydroxyl; R⁵ is hydrogen, halogen or anunsubstituted or mono- or poly-halogen-substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl; R⁶ is anunsubstituted or mono- or di-methyl-substituted monocyclic saturatedheterocycle having 4 to 6 ring atoms, which contains a heteroatom or aheterogroup selected from the group consisting of O, S, SO and SO₂; R⁷is C₁-C₆-alkyl, wherein the C₁-C₆-alkyl radical is unsubstituted ormono- or polysubstituted identically or differently by halogen, hydroxylor C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl; or R⁷ is C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl; and R⁸ is C₁-C₆-alkyl,wherein the C₁-C₆-alkyl radical is unsubstituted or mono- orpolysubstituted identically or differently by halogen, or adiastereomer, an enantiomer, a metabolite, a salt, a solvate, or asolvate of a salt thereof, and wherein the autoimmune disorder ismediated by IRAK4. 2: The method of claim 1, wherein: R¹ is C₁-C₆-alkyl,wherein the C₁-C₆-alkyl radical is unsubstituted or mono- orpolysubstituted identically or differently by fluorine, hydroxyl, or anR⁶, R⁷SO₂, R⁷SO or R⁸O radical; R² and R³ always have the samedefinition and are both either hydrogen or C₁-C₃-alkyl; R⁴ is halogen,cyano, or C₁-C₃-alkyl, wherein the C₁-C₃-alkyl radical is unsubstitutedor mono- or polysubstituted identically or differently by halogen orhydroxyl; R⁵ is hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, or C₁-C₃-alkyl; R⁶ isoxetanyl or tetrahydrofuranyl; R⁷ is C₁-C₄-alkyl, wherein theC₁-C₄-alkyl radical is unsubstituted or monosubstituted by hydroxyl orby cyclopropyl or substituted by three fluorine atoms, and R⁸ is anunsubstituted C₁-C₄-alkyl radical or a tri-fluorine-substitutedC₁-C₄-alkyl radical. 3: The method of claim 1, wherein R⁴ isdifluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl or methyl. 4: The method of claim 1,wherein R⁵ is hydrogen or fluorine. 5: The method of claim 1, wherein R²and R³ are both either hydrogen or methyl. 6: The method of claim 2,wherein: R¹ is C₂-C₆-alkyl, wherein the C₂-C₆-alkyl radical isunsubstituted, or the C₂-C₆-alkyl radical is mono-, di- ortri-fluorine-substituted or the C₂-C₆-alkyl radical is monosubstitutedby hydroxyl, R⁶, R⁷SO₂, or R⁸O, or R¹ is an oxetanyl-substitutedC₁-C₃-alkyl radical; R² and R³ always have the same definition and areboth either hydrogen or methyl; R⁴ is an unsubstituted or mono- orpoly-halogen-substituted C₁-C₃-alkyl radical or a C₁-C₃-alkyl radicalsubstituted by one hydroxyl group or a C₁-C₃-alkyl radical substitutedby one hydroxyl group and three fluorine atoms; R⁵ is hydrogen,fluorine, or C₁-C₃-alkyl; R⁷ is C₁-C₃-alkyl, and R⁸ is C₁-C₄-alkyl,wherein the C₁-C₄-alkyl radical is unsubstituted or mono-, di- ortri-fluorine-substituted. 7: The method of claim 6, wherein: R¹ is aC₂-C₅-alkyl radical substituted by hydroxyl or C₁-C₃-alkoxy ortrifluoromethoxy or 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy or trifluoromethyl, or R¹ is amethyl-SO₂-substituted C₂-C₄-alkyl radical, or R¹ is anoxetan-3-yl-substituted C₁-C₂-alkyl radical; R² and R³ always have thesame definition and are both hydrogen or methyl; R⁴ is methyl, ethyl,trifluoro-C₁-C₃-alkyl, difluoro-C₁-C₃-alkyl, hydroxymethyl,1-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxypropan-2-yl, or 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxyethyl,and R⁵ is hydrogen, fluorine, or methyl. 8: The method of claim 7,wherein: R¹ is 4,4,4-trifluorobutyl, 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl,3-hydroxybutyl, 3-methoxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropyl,3-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl, 3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropyl,3-trifluoromethoxypropyl, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl,2-(methylsulphonyl)ethyl, or 3-(methylsulphonyl)propyl; R² and R³ areboth methyl or hydrogen; R⁴ is difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, ormethyl, and R⁵ is hydrogen or fluorine. 9: The method of claim 8,wherein: R¹ is 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl, 3-hydroxybutyl,3-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl, 3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropyl,3-(methylsulphonyl)propyl, or 2-(methylsulphonyl)ethyl; R² and R³ areboth methyl; R⁴ is difluoromethyl or trifluoromethyl, and R⁵ ishydrogen. 10: The method of claim 8, wherein: R¹ is3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl, 3-hydroxybutyl, 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl,3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropyl, 3-(methylsulphonyl)propyl, or2-(methylsulphonyl)ethyl; R² and R³ are both methyl; R⁴ is methyl, andR⁵ is fluorine, wherein R⁵ is in the ortho position to R⁴. 11: Themethod of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (I) is selected fromthe group consisting of: 1)N-[6-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-(2-methoxyethyl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide;2)N-[6-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-(2-methoxyethyl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide,3)N-[6-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-(3-methoxypropyl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide,4)N-[6-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-(3-methoxypropyl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide,5)N-[2-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide,6)N-[6-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-(3-hydroxypropyl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide,7)N-[2-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide;8)N-[6-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-(oxetan-3-ylmethyl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide,9)N-[6-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-(oxetan-3-ylmethyl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide;10)N-{6-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-[3-(methylsulphonyl)propyl]-2H-indazol-5-yl}-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide;11)N-[2-(3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide;12)N-{6-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-[2-(methylsulphonyl)ethyl]-2H-indazol-5-yl}-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide;13)6-(Difluoromethyl)-N-[2-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]pyridine-2-carboxamide;14)6-(Difluoromethyl)-N-{6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-[2-(methylsulphonyl)ethyl]-2H-indazol-5-yl}pyridine-2-carboxamide,15)6-(Difluoromethyl)-N-[6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-(3-hydroxypropyl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]pyridine-2-carboxamide;16)N-[6-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide;17)N-{6-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-[3-(trifluoromethoxy)propyl]-2H-indazol-5-yl}-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide;18)N-{6-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-[3-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)propyl]-2H-indazol-5-yl}-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide;19)5-Fluoro-N-[2-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-methylpyridine-2-carboxamide;20)N-[2-(3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-6-methylpyridine-2-carboxamide,21)6-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-N-[6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-(4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]pyridine-2-carboxamide,and 22)N-{2-[2-(1-Hydroxycyclopropyl)ethyl]-6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2H-indazol-5-yl}-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide.12: The method of claim 1, wherein the autoimmune disorder is selectedfrom the group consisting of multiple sclerosis, systemic lupuserythematosus, psoriasis, arthritis, chronic-inflammatory boweldisorder, atopic dermatitis and allergic eczema. 13: A method fortreatment or prophylaxis of pain, comprising administering to a patientin need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula (I)

wherein: R¹ is C₁-C₆-alkyl, wherein the C₁-C₆-alkyl radical isunsubstituted or mono- or polysubstituted identically or differently byhalogen, hydroxyl, an unsubstituted or mono- or poly-halogen-substitutedC₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, or an R⁶, R⁷SO₂, R⁷SO or R⁸O radical, or a groupselected from the group consisting of

wherein * represents the bonding site of the group to the rest of themolecule; R² and R³ always have the same definition and are both eitherhydrogen or C₁-C₆-alkyl; R⁴ is halogen, cyano, an unsubstituted or asingly or multiply, identically or differently substituted C₁-C₆-alkylor an unsubstituted or a singly or multiply, identically or differentlysubstituted C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, and the substituents are selected from thegroup consisting of halogen and hydroxyl; R⁵ is hydrogen, halogen or anunsubstituted or mono- or poly-halogen-substituted C₁-C₆-alkyl; R⁶ is anunsubstituted or mono- or di-methyl-substituted monocyclic saturatedheterocycle having 4 to 6 ring atoms, which contains a heteroatom or aheterogroup selected from the group consisting of O, S, SO and SO₂; R⁷is C₁-C₆-alkyl, wherein the C₁-C₆-alkyl radical is unsubstituted ormono- or polysubstituted identically or differently by halogen, hydroxylor C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl; or R⁷ is C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl; and R⁸ is C₁-C₆-alkyl,wherein the C₁-C₆-alkyl radical is unsubstituted or mono- orpolysubstituted identically or differently by halogen, or adiastereomer, an enantiomer, a metabolite, a salt, a solvate, or asolvate of a salt thereof. 14-16. (canceled) 17: A method for treatmentor prophylaxis of an autoimmune disorder, comprising administering to apatient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula(III)

wherein: R¹ is 4,4,4-trifluorobutyl, 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl,3-methoxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxybutyl,3-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl, 3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropyl,3-trifluoromethoxypropyl, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl,2-(methylsulphonyl)ethyl, 3-(methylsulphonyl)propyl, or2-(1-hydroxycyclopropyl)ethyl; R⁴ is difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl ormethyl; and R⁵ is hydrogen or fluorine, or a diastereomer, anenantiomer, a metabolite, a salt, a solvate, or a solvate of a saltthereof, and wherein the autoimmune disorder is mediated by IRAK4. 18.The method of claim 17, wherein the compound of formula (III) isselected from the group consisting of: methyl5-{[(5-fluoro-6-methylpyridin-2-yl)carbonyl]amino}-2-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-2H-indazole-6-carboxylate,and methyl2-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-5-({[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-2H-indazole-6-carboxylate.19: The method of claim 12, wherein the arthritis is psoriaticarthritis, Bekhterev's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, reactivearthritis, or systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. 20: The method ofclaim 12, wherein the chronic-inflammatory bowel disorder is Crohn'sdisease or ulcerative colitis. 21: The method of claim 13, wherein thepain is selected from the group consisting of acute pain, chronic pain,inflammatory pain, and neuropathic pain. 22: The method of claim 13,wherein the pain is selected from the group consisting of hyperalgesia,allodynia, pain from arthritis, post-operative pain, pain caused byspinal cord injuries, inflammation-induced pain, lower back pain,neuropathic pain and chronic pain. 23: The method of claim 13, whereinthe pain is pain from arthritis and the arthritis is selected from thegroup consisting of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriaticarthritis, Bekhterev's disease, reactive arthritis, and systemicjuvenile idiopathic arthritis.